1 Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
2 Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
4 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
5 Veteran’s Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
6 Division of Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
Received 18 July 2019. Revision received 28 October 2019.
Accepted 8 November 2019.
This work was supported by the National Research Service Award postdoctoral fellowship (No. 5T32 CA009672-23) (to J.S.L.), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Research Project grant No. R01 DA042859) (to C.M.B., M.J.E., and J.F.W.), and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (to C.M.B., M.J.E., and J.F.W.). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services.
C.M.B. reports a patent for Peripheral Perineural Dexmedetomidine licensed to the University of Michigan, is a consultant for Recro Pharma and Heron Therapeutics, and has received research funding from Neuros Medical. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Correspondence: Christopher J. Sonnenday, MD, MHS, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, F6686 UH South, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. ([email protected]).
