In Brief:
The ability of different graft materials to induce fusion in nicotine-exposed New Zealand white rabbits with documented lumbar pseudarthroses was studied. After attempted autograft fusion, 94% had pseudarthrosis. After regrafting with no graft, autograft, or osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), fusion was detected in 10%, 42%, and 82% of the rabbits, respectively.