*From the National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
†From the Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
‡From the Department of Community Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
§Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health Amherst, Massachusetts, the Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
∥From the Department of New England Orthopedic Surgeons, Inc., Springfield, Massachusetts
**From the Division of Orthopedic Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
††From the Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
‡‡The Northeast Collaborative Group on Low Back Pain is as follows: Doctors David Andrews, Robert Bye, Stephen Cook, Michael Coyle, Jr., William Cunningham, Demosthenes Dasco, John DeWeese, Harold Dick, Aiden Doyle, Richard Fingeroth, S. Ashby Grantham, Michael Handler, Neil Kahanovitz, Sumner Karas, Ira Kasoff, J. Robert Kirkwood, Joseph Leddy, Marc Linson, Jerry Lubliner; Morton Lynn, Marc Malberg, Christopher Michelson, W. Jost Michelson, Sabir Moghul, Arthur Pava, Michael Pirone, Mark Pohlman, Donald Polakoff, Kalmon Post, Andrea Resnick, Bernard Rineberg, Steven Schonfeld, Michael Silverstein, Sherman Stein, Alfred Tria, Jr., Leonard Wagner, Steven Wenner, and Joseph Zawadsky The study was conducted at Columbia University, New York, NY and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
