^*Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York

^†Bristol, England

None of the authors has any financial/conflicting interests to disclose.

R. N. Simpson (MA, PhD, FRSC, OBE) was the author of the Product Master File for PFO. He was a registered “Qualified Person” with the UK Medicines Inspectorate and had regular contact with both the US Food and Drug Administration and the UK Medicines Inspectorate for more than 20 years. He has collaborated with Dr. S. Chang on the development, introduction, and manufacture of perfluorocarbon liquids since 1986.