Center for Lean Engagement and Research in Healthcare, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (Mr Tierney, Drs Shortell, Rundall, and Reponen, and Ms Blodgett); and Department of Perioperative, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine and Central Lean Improvement Office, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Dr Reponen).
Correspondence: Aaron A. Tierney, BA, Center for Lean Engagement and Research in Healthcare, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, University Hall, 2018 Oxford St, Berkeley, CA 94704 ([email protected]).
Aaron A. Tierney is funded via a T32 grant project 2T32HS022241-06. This work was supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Comparative Health System Performance Initiative under grant 1U19HS024075, which studies how health care delivery systems promote evidence-based practices and patient-centered outcomes research in delivering care. The work of Elina Reponen was supported by personal grants from the Foundation for Economic Education, Finland; the Finnish Medical Association, Finland; the Finnish Society of Anesthesiologists, Finland; and the Pulsus Foundation, Finland. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The statements, findings, conclusions, views, and opinions contained and expressed in this article are based in part on data obtained under license from IQVIA information services (OneKey subscription information services 2010-18, IQVIA Inc, all rights reserved). The statements, findings, conclusions, views, and opinions contained and expressed herein are not necessarily those of IQVIA Inc or any of its affiliated or subsidiary entities. The American Medical Association (AMA) was the source for the raw physician data; statistics, tables, and tabulations were prepared by the authors using data from the AMA Physician Masterfile.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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