1Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital, Valhalla, NY.
2Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
3Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, NC.
4Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
5Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.
6Department of Respiratory Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
7Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children’s Hospital, Charlottesville, VA.
8Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Science, Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, Hershey, PA.
9Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami Children’s Health System, Miami, FL.
10Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
11Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Children’s Hospital, Louisville, KY.
12Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR.
13Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
14Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.
15Department of Paediatrics, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
16Department of Paediatric Emergency, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
17Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
18Department of Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
19Children’s Intensive Care, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore.
20Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
21Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Gillette Children’s Hospital, St Paul, MN.
22Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite, Atlanta, GA.
23Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
24Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children’s Hospital, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY.
25Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH.
26Division of Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
27Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore & Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
28Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA.
29Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA.
30Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
31Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI.
32Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
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Supported, in part, by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: AHRQ R03HS021583, AHRQ R18HS022464, and R18HS024511 and Endowed Chair, Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
Dr. Napolitano’s institution received funding from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (AHRQ R18HS022464, R18HS024511, and AHRQ R03HS021583), Nihon Kohden, CVS Health, Philips/Respironics; consulting/speaking agreements with Aerogen, Draeger, GeNO, and Actuated Medical, and she received funding from American Association for Respiratory Care and Allergy and Asthma Network (on board of directors both nonprofits and payment for travel to meetings). Dr. Jarvis’ institution received grant funding from AHRQ, and he received support for article research from the AHRQ. Dr. Tala disclosed work for hire. Dr. Howell received funding from UpToDate. Dr. Parker received funding from Society of Critical Care Medicine, Raynes McCarty, and Academic Health Professionals. Dr. Nuthall’s institution received funding from A+ Trust (used toward the salary of the research nurses who helped to collect data). Dr. Emeriaud’s institution received funding from the clinical scientist award from the Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Santé and received funding from Maquet Crit Care. Dr. Lee received funding from KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital. Dr. Nadkarni received supported by grants AHRQ R18HS022464, R18HS024511, and AHRQ R03HS021583. Dr. Nishisaki’s institution received funding from AHRQ R03HS021583, AHRQ R18HS022464, and AHRQ R18HS024511, and he received support for article research from the AHRQ. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
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