1Division of Critical Care, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ.
2Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ.
3Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
4Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC.
5Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
6Department of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
7Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
8Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Science, Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, Hershey, PA.
9University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences/Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR.
10Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital, Valhalla, NY.
11Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.
12Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical City Children’s Hospital, Dallas, TX.
13Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children’s Hospital, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY.
14Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Oishei Children’s Hospital, Buffalo, NY.
15Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont Children’s Hospital, Burlington, VT.
16Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada.
17Division of Critical Care, Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
18Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN.
19Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, American Family Children’s Hospital, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
20Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
21Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children’s Hospital, Charlottesville, VA.
22Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.
23Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
24Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH.
25Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL.
26Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY.
27Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI.
28Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, APP Lead, Oregon Health & Science University, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Portland, OR.
29Department of Respiratory Therapy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
30Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
31Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
*See also p. 1083.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website (http://journals.lww.com/pccmjournal).
This study was supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ): AHRQ R03HS021583, AHRQ R18HS022464, R18HS024511, and Endowed Chair, Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
Ms. Napolitano and Drs. Shults, Nadkarni, and Nishisaki are supported by Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development R21HD089151 and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) R18HS024511. Dr. Berkenbosch received funding from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Al-Subu received funding from Scantron Assessment Solutions. Dr. Emeriaud’s institution received funding from Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé and Maquet Critical Care. Dr. Meyer disclosed that he owns stock in Doctorfare but has not received any payments. Ms. Napolitano has research relationships with Drager, Actuated Medical, Aerogen, and Philips/Respironics and consultation relationships with Smiths Medical and VERO-Biotech. Dr. Nishisaki’s institution received funding from AHRQ R18HS024511, AHRQ R18HS022464, AHRQ R03HS021583, and he received support for article research from the National Institutes of Health. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
For information regarding this article, E-mail: [email protected]
