1Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
2Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
3Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children’s Hospital, Louisville, KY.
4Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.
5Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children’s Hospital, Lexington, KY.
6Respiratory Therapy Department, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
7Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, NC.
8Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children’s Hospital, Charlottesville, VA.
9Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH.
10Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, Hershey, PA.
11Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami Children’s Health System, Miami, FL.
12Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
13Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.
14Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science College of Medicine, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR.
15Children’s Intensive Care, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore.
16Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
17Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
18Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH.
19Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA.
20Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
21Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Buffalo, Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
22Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT.
23Section of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada.
24Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ.
25Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, Hewlett, NY.
26Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital, Valhalla, NY.
27Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI.
28Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
29Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
30Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical City Children’s Hospital, Dallas, TX.
31Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland Children’s Hospital Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
32Department of Pediatrics, Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
33Department of Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
34Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Gillette Children’s Hospital, St Paul, MN.
35Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite, Atlanta, GA.
36Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany.
37Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, American Family Children’s Hospital, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
38Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Children’s Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan.
39Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Bangalore, India.
*See also p. 162.
Supported by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: AHRQ R03HS021583, AHRQ R18HS022464, AHRQ R18HS024511 (Drs. Napolitano, Nishisaki and Nadkarni) and Endowed Chair, Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
Dr. Napolitano’s institution received funding from research grants for clinical research with Nihon Kodhen, Philips/Respironics, Draeger, and Aerogon, and from consulting/advisory panel work for Aerogon, GeNO, and Actuated Medical; she received funding from being a member of a voluntary board of directors for organizations where travel is paid to attend meetings, and she received other support from Allergy and Asthma Network and American Association for Respiratory Care. Dr. Lee received funding from KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital. Dr. Brown III received funding from UpToDate (royalties for medical writing), Airway Management Education Center, LLC (partner), and Medical Legal Consulting. Dr. Howell’s institution received funding from A+ Trust (money was paid to contribute to the salaries of the research nurses who contributed to collecting of the data that is included in the data set in this article). Dr. Emeriaud’s institution received funding from Young Investigator Award (to Dr. Emeriaud) of the Respiratory Health Network of the Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Santé and from the Clinical Scientist Scholarship Award of the Fonds de REcherche du Québec- Santé. Dr. Nishisaki’s institution received funding from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) R03HS021583, R18HS022464, R18HS024511, and he received support for article research from AHRQ. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
For information regarding this article, E-mail: [email protected]
