Manipulating presence influences the magnitude of virtual reality analgesia

Hoffman, Hunter G.^a,c,*; Sharar, Sam R.^d; Coda, Barbara^d; Everett, John J.^a,b; Ciol, Marcia^b; Richards, Todd^c; Patterson, David R.^b

^aHuman Interface Technology Laboratory, 215 Fluke Hall, Box 352142, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

^bDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 359740, Seattle, WA 98104, USA

^cDepartment of Radiology, Box 357115, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

^dDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 359724, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

^*Corresponding author. Tel.: +1–206–616–1496; fax: +1–206–543–5380

Submitted January 26, 2004; revised June 6, 2004; accepted June 7, 2004.

doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.06.013

Abstract