Mechanisms of Emmetropization in the Aging Eye

Abstract

Refraction and its components were measured on 96 subjects consisting of 48 Young Adults (19 to 31 years old) and 48 Mature Adults (49 to 61 years old) having refractive errors in the range from +2.50 to -2.50 D. Subjects for the two groups were matched on the basis of sex and refractive error. A quota sampling technique was used to obtain subjects for myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic refractive-error categories. An autorefractor was used to measure refractive error, an autokeratometer was used to measure corneal radius of curvature, and an A-scan ultrasonometer was used to determine the axial dimensions. Crystalline lens radii were determined by submitting Purkinje image data to a ray-tracing program, with the assumption that the index of refraction of the ocular media is constant throughout life. By comparing the results for the two groups of subjects, it was found that there were no significant age-related differences in mean corneal radius of curvature or in mean axial length. However, the following significant age-related differences were found: the Mature Adult eyes had shallower anterior chambers, thicker lenses, shorter vitreous chambers, steeper anterior and posterior lens surfaces (shorter radii of curvature), more highly powered lenses, and higher ocular refracting power than the Young Adult eyes. It was concluded that a decrease in the gradient-index of the lens occurs with increasing age, acting as an emmetropizing mechanism by compensating for the steepening of both the front and back surfaces of the lens. This change in index gradient, with or without an apparent decrease in axial length, may also account for the hyperopic shift that occurs in the later years of life.