Linda H. Aiken, RN, PhD, FAAN, is The Claire M. Fagin leadership professor of nursing, professor of sociology, and Director of the Center for Health Services and Policy Research, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Patricia A. Patrician, RN, MSN, is a doctoral student and Lieutenent Colonel in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Accepted for publication October 2, 1998.
The work reported here was supported by a grant (RO1 NR 02280) from the National Institute of Nursing Research, the NIH, and the Baxter Foundation.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous contributions made to this research by Dr. Marlene Kramer, developer of the NWI, who shared both her instrument and primary data. In addition, Dr. Kramer provided considerable consultation to our research over the past decade. We also thank our research collaborators, Douglas Sloane, Julie Sochalski, Eileen Lake, Anita Weber, and Paul Allison.
The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, or the Army Medical Department.
Address correspondence to Linda H. Aiken, PhD, RN, FAAN, Center for Health Services and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6069.
