Premature menopause or early menopause and risk of ischemic stroke

Abstract

Objective 

The general consensus has been that estrogen is invariably a risk factor for ischemic stroke (IS). We reviewed new observational studies that challenge this simple conclusion.

Methods 

This was a review of observational studies of the association of premature or early menopause with stroke or IS published in English from 2006 through 2010.

Results 

Three cohort studies showed an increased risk of all types of stroke in women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy compared with women who conserved their ovaries before age 50 years. The increased risk of stroke was reduced by hormone therapy in one of the studies, suggesting that estrogen deprivation is involved in the association. Four additional observational studies showed an association of all types of stroke or IS with the early onset of menopause or with a shorter life span of ovarian activity. In three of the seven studies, the association was restricted to IS. Age at menopause was more important than type of menopause (natural vs induced).

Conclusions 

The findings from seven recent observational studies challenge the consensus that estrogen is invariably a risk factor for IS and can be reconciled by a unifying timing hypothesis. We hypothesize that estrogen is protective for IS before age 50 years and may become a risk factor for IS after age 50 years or, possibly, after age 60 years. These findings are relevant to women who experienced premature or early menopause or to women considering prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy before the onset of natural menopause.

In Brief

The findings from seven recent observational studies challenge the consensus that estrogen is invariably a risk factor of ischemic stroke. In this study, a unifying theory is proposed, in which estrogen is protective before approximately age 50 years and may become a risk factor of ischemic stroke after age 50 years or, possibly, after age 60 years.