1. Introduction
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cardiovascular disease with various clinical manifestations and natural courses. The incidence of HCM in adults is 0.2 %, which is the main cause of sudden cardiac death in young people (<35 years old).[1] Although the etiology of sudden cardiac death is not clear, genetic factors have been shown to play a role, presenting an autosomal dominant as the major pattern of inheritance. Clear mutations are found in 50 to 60% of the patients with HCM, and the most common pathogenic genes are MYH7 and MYBPC3.[2] In contrast, the number of patients with p.Leu75Pro variant in TTR gene is limited.
2. Case presentation
Herein, we report a unique case of HCM in a 28-year-old female who presented with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and significant thickening of both the left ventricular wall and the anterior wall of the right ventricle. Simultaneous sinus rhythm, occasional premature ventricular contractions, and occasional premature atrial contractions were also detected. Twenty-four-hour SDNN value decreased moderately.
By detecting 261 genes related to HCM, dilated cardiomyopathy, and other hereditary cardiomyopathies or channelopathies, the heterozygous variation of the TTR gene [NM_000371] was revealed. The TTR gene encodes transthyroxine protein, and this mutation causes reduced stability of transthyroxine tetramer and increased amyloid accumulation, leading to HCM. This report focuses on the gene detection results and clinical examination results of this patient.
2.1. History of presentation
The proband was a 28-year-old female of non-consanguineous Asian parents. She had experienced recurrent vomiting without obvious inducement during the past year, accompanied by the expulsion of stomach contents. She repeatedly went to the local hospital for examinations but failed to find out the cause. The patient began to have sudden syncope several months ago. After examinations in our hospital, she was finally diagnosed as HCM by echocardiography and cardiac MRI.
Both her mother (II-2) and younger brother (III-3) died suddenly of HCM, one in her 30s and the other in his 20s. Both suffered recurrent vomiting when they were alive, the same symptoms as the patient herself. Her second and third uncles (II-3; II-4) reported themselves as healthy. Her father's (II-1) and daughter’s (IV-1) health status was unknown. A 4-generation family pedigree is shown in Figure 1A.
;)
Figure 1.: Pedigree and mutation analysis of the family. (A) Pedigree analysis of the proband’s family. The arrow points out the proband (III-2) with the heterozygous mutation of the TTR gene:NM_000371.4 (TTR):c.224T > C (p.Leu75Pro). Circles and squares correspond to female and male individuals, respectively. Affected family members are denoted in black. The mutation was indicated −/− if negative and +/− if heterozygous. Among them, the TTR gene is represented by black words, and the TMPO gene is represented by red words. (B) Pyrogram profiles for variant verification by Sanger sequencing, indicating the sequenced results in III-2 (c.224T > C mutant type). The arrows show the mutation position NM_000371: c.224T > C in the TTR gene. (C) The mutation is located in the third exon of the TTR gene.
2.2. Investigations
2.2.1. Clinical workup.
Echocardiography revealed a thickening of the left and right ventricular walls. Cardiac MRI showed that the right ventricular lateral wall and the ventricular septum thickened, and the left ventricular diastolic function was limited. These symptoms may suggest HCM. ECG test showed sinus rhythm, occasional ventricular premature beat, and occasional atrial premature beat. Twenty-four-hour SDNN value decreased moderately, according to heart rate variability analysis.
2.2.2. Genetic workup.
HCM may be caused by mutations in multiple genes associated with genetic cardiomyopathy or channelopathies. To identify the potential genetic defects responsible for the observed cardiac phenotype, a commercial panel of the Personal Genome Machine (from Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to perform targeted sequence analysis of 216 genes related to hereditary cardiomyopathy or channelopathies, including AARS2, CACNA2D1, PSEN2, TTR, TMPO, etc. The heterozygous variant c.274G > T; p.Gly92Cys (rs1201669937) in the TMPO gene (NM_003276) was detected by targeted sequencing of the proband and her father, second uncle, third uncle, and daughter (Table 1). Although both the uncles carried the same variant in the TMPO gene as the proband, neither of them was afflicted with the disease (Fig. 1A). We thus believe that TMPO gene mutations may not be the cause of cardiomyopathy due to the absence of segregation in the family. In addition, targeted sequencing also detected the heterozygous variant c.224T > C; p.Leu75Pro (rs121918079) in the TTR gene (NM _ 000371) (Table 1). Sanger sequencing validates the presence of mutation p.Leu75Pro in TTR gene (Fig. 1B).
Table 1 -
Deleterious variants in
TTR gene detected in Sanger sequencing.
| Gene |
Transcript |
Genomic position |
DNA change |
Protein change |
Zygosity |
rs id |
| TMPO |
NM_003276 |
chr12:98909919 |
c.274G > T |
p.Gly92Cys |
Heterozygous |
rs1201669937 |
| TTR |
NM_000371 |
chr18:29175106 |
c.224T > C |
p.Leu75Pro |
Heterozygous |
rs121918079 |
The heterozygous variant c.224T > C is located in exon 3 of the TTR gene (Fig. 1C) and results in the mutation of the 75th amino acid of the encoded protein from leucine to proline. The substitution of leucine with proline is predicted to be deleterious by 3 in silico prediction algorithms (SIFT, PolyPhen2, MutationTaster). The population frequency of this mutation site is not recorded in gnomAD and ExAC databases. Being trans with a known pathogenic variant in a known autosomal dominant disease that fits the phenotype of the patient well, the variant is classified as pathogenic according to published standards and guidelines by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. This heterozygous genotype is considered diagnostic.
2.3. Treatment
After admission to the local hospital for sudden syncope for the first time, the patient was treated with metoprolol and exhibited reduced vomiting afterward. In the same year after another syncope, she went to our hospital for treatment. Metoprolol tablets 25 mg bid, spironolactone tablets 20 mg qd, and trimetazidine 20 mg tid were prescribed. Her symptoms improved with no vomiting or syncope observed.
3. Discussion
In this report, we describe HCM in a 28-year-old proband carrying the heterozygous variant c. 224T > C in TTR, which is located in the third exon of the TTR gene. We also present the clinical examination results and genetic findings of this patient.
Pathogenic variants in the TTR gene are known to be associated with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Amyloidosis is a clinical syndrome caused by the deposition of amyloid substances between cells of various organs in the body for various reasons, which leads to gradual functional failures of involved organs. Its clinical manifestations mainly include amyloid polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy, but amyloidosis vitreous opacity, amyloidosis of meningeal, and amyloidosis of cerebral vessels may occur as well.
TTR encodes transthyretin, one of the 3 types of prealbumin. Transthyretin is mainly synthesized in the liver and brain choroid plexus and secreted into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. It transports thyroid hormones in plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid, and also participates in the plasma transport of retinol (vitamin A) through complexation with retinol-binding proteins.[3] TTR also plays a role in other intracellular processes including proteolysis, nerve regeneration, autophagy, and glucose homeostasis. It is a highly stable tetrameric protein. But this conformational stability decreased due to a change in the charge of the monomer caused by a mutation in the gene (c. 224T > C).[4] In the process, the tetramer is decomposed and degraded into monomers,[5] which produce a variety of amyloid fibers, causing abnormal aggregation of amyloid fibers in various organs of the body, such as peripheral nerves or cardiac cells, leading to amyloid polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy. We speculate that the p.Leu75Pro mutation in TTR is the cause of the above changes and finally leads to the development of HCM in patients.
Through the verification of the patient and her relatives, the patient carries a heterozygous variant of the TTR c.224T > C locus. Her mother died of HCM. However, neither the father with unknown health status nor the uncles who self-reported healthy carried the variation (Fig. 1A and B).
The most common pathogenic TTR mutations are Val22Ile and Val30Met.[6] The Val22Ile variant occurs in 8% of suspected cardiac amyloidosis in Black/African American patients, while the Val30Met variant is prevalent in Japan, Sweden, and Brazil.[7] In contrast, the number of patients with p.Leu75Pro variant is limited. Previously, the p.Leu75Pro variant found in our proband was detected in twelve patients with amyloidosis and published in 5 reports.[8–12] This variant is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, resulting in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. The disease causes amyloid deposits in various organs of the body and shows heterogeneous phenotypes. Patients can be characterized by multiple neuropathy,[8–10,12] cardiomyopathy,[8,9] gastrointestinal symptoms,[8–11] impaired renal function,[11] vitreous opacity,[9,10] etc. Seven transthyretin amyloidosis patients in one family carried the variation, and at least 2 healthy family members did not, which was consistent with the co-segregation of variation and disease.[10] A number of in vitro experiments showed that the p. Leu75Pro mutation could significantly reduce the stability of transthyretin tetramer and increase amyloidosis.[13–16] In addition, amyloid fiber deposition was found in the intestinal and skin organs of transgenic mice in in vivo experiments.[16] According to the results of single-cell RNA-seq, TTR was slightly expressed in cardiocytes (https://www.proteinatlas.org/).
This disease is not easy to recognize, and when diagnosed, it often progresses to the more advanced stages and is difficult to treat. Early recognition of amyloidosis is needed. Timely diagnosis of HCM resulting from TTR variants before irreversible organ damage is crucial for appropriate treatment and better outcomes.
Acknowledgments
The index patient is gratefully acknowledged for her generous support to this case report.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Huayuan Yuan, Yulong Guo, Jiong Tang.
Data curation: Huayuan Yuan, Ya Lin.
Formal analysis: Huayuan Yuan, Jiao Wang.
Investigation: Huayuan Yuan, Jialian Li, Xuefeng Chen.
Methodology: Huayuan Yuan, Yulong Guo, Jiong Tang.
Writing – original draft: Huayuan Yuan, Ya Lin, Jiong Tang.
Writing – review & editing: Yulong Guo, Jiong Tang.
References
[1]. Nunez L, Gimeno-Blanes JR, Rodriguez-Garcia MI, et al. Somatic MYH7, MYBPC3, TPM1, TNNT2 and TNNI3 mutations in sporadic
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2013;77:2358–65.
[2]. Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, et al. How
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy became a contemporary treatable genetic disease with low mortality: shaped by 50 years of clinical research and practice. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:98–105.
[3]. Wojtczak A, Neumann P, Cody V. Structure of a new polymorphic monoclinic form of human
transthyretin at 3 Å resolution reveals a mixed complex between unliganded and T4-bound tetramers of
TTR. Acta Crystallographica. 2001;D57:957–67.
[4]. Altland K, Benson MD, Costello CE, et al. Genetic microheterogeneity of human
transthyretin detected by IEF. Electrophoresis. 2007;28:2053–64.
[5]. Bemporad F, Leri M, Ramazzotti M, et al. The
transthyretin/oleuropein aglycone complex: a new tool against
TTR amyloidosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15:277.
[6]. Lanoue J, Wei N, Gorevic P, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of familial
transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016;38:719–25.
[7]. Akinboboye O, Shah K, Warner AL, et al. DISCOVERY: prevalence of
transthyretin (
TTR) mutations in a US-centric patient population suspected of having cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2020;27:223–30.
[8]. Lee YJ, Oh J, Hwang SK, et al. Extremely early onset
transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy with a Leu55Pro mutation: a pediatric case report and literature review. Neuropediatrics. 2019;50:322–6.
[9]. Yamamoto K, Hsu S-P, Yoshida K, et al. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy in Taiwan: identification of
transthyretin variant (Leu
55→Pro). Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:637–41.
[10]. Jacobson DR, McFarlin DE, Kane I, et al.
Transthyretin Pro
55, a variant associated with early-onset, aggressive, diffuse amyloidosis with cardiac and neurologic involvement. Hum Genet. 1992;89:353–56.
[11]. Xu J, Yang M, Pan X, et al.
Transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis with recurrent vomiting and renal insufficiency as the initial presentation: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e5737.
[12]. Kon T, Misumi Y, Nishijima H, et al. Effects of liver transplantation and tafamidis in hereditary
transthyretin amyloidosis caused by
transthyretin Leu55Pro mutation: a case report. Amyloid. 2015;22:203–4.
[13]. McCutchen SL, Colon W, Kelly JW.
Transthyretin mutation Leu-55-Pro significantly alters tetramer stability and increases amyloidogenicity. Biochemistry. 1993;32:12119–27.
[14]. Sekijima Y, Wiseman RL, Matteson J, et al. The biological and chemical basis for tissue-selective amyloid disease. Cell. 2005;121:73–85.
[15]. Cendron L, Trovato A, Seno F, et al. Amyloidogenic potential of
transthyretin variants: insights from structural and computational analyses. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:25832–41.
[16]. Sousa MM, Fernandes R, Palha JA, et al. Evidence for early cytotoxic aggregates in transgenic mice for human
transthyretin Leu55Pro. Am J Pathol. 2002;161:1935–48.
