1 Introduction
Colorectal cancer usually originates from a small neoplastic polyp, which gradually increases in size and is accompanied by dysplasia and malignancy.[1,2] Moreover, missed colorectal polyps in colonoscopy have been progressively recognized as a significant cause of interval colorectal cancer (ICC).[3,4] Therefore, colorectal polyp detection rate (PDR) or adenoma detection rate (ADR) has gradually become an important parameter for evaluating the quality of colonoscopy.[5–9] In the endoscopic clinical practice, obtaining the corresponding pathological data of all polyps is difficult; thus, PDR is a more practical approach compared with ADR.[6,8,10–12] Therefore, improving PDR and decreasing polyp miss rate (PMR) have become our aims during colonoscopy. During elective colonoscopic polypectomy, we observed an interesting phenomenon: the number of colorectal polyps found intraoperatively was often higher than that encountered preoperatively. As such, we conducted the present study to determine whether more colorectal polyps can be detected by purposely seeking them compared with routine colonoscopy.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Grouping and design
From August 9, 2016 to January 5, 2018, patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomized into groups A and B. In group A, the endoscopists were instructed to seek colorectal polyps purposely before performing colonoscopy. In group B, colonoscopy was performed without the above implications. In group A, patients with colorectal polyps for elective endoscopic removal were named as group AR, which was named as group AR-1 during the first colonoscopy. They were named as group AR-2 during the second colonoscopy for polypectomy. In accordance with the above rules, groups BR, BR -1, and BR-2 were named. This study was conducted with the approval of the Weihai Municipal Hospital Ethics Committee. Before the endoscopic procedures were initiated, every patient signed informed consent.
2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Cases involving emergency colonoscopy, inflammatory bowel disease, history of colorectal surgery, history of colorectal polyp resection, and less than 18 years of age were not enrolled. Colonoscopy cases that did not reach the ileocecal were also excluded.
2.3 Anesthesia
All explorations were performed under intravenous anesthesia with sufentanil followed by propofol. Loss of eyelash reflex indicated successful induction of anesthesia, thereby prompting the endoscopists to commence with the procedures. Colonoscopy and colonoscopic polypectomies were performed by 16 endoscopists.
2.4 Bowel preparation score
Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) was used to evaluate bowel preparation.[13–15]
2.5 Parameter acquisition
The following data were prospectively collected: sex, age, weight, height, single/double operating colonoscopy, BBPS, intubation time, withdrawal time, and the number and size of polyps. The characteristics of endoscopists included colonoscopy operation period, average annual colonoscopy cases, and total colonoscopy cases. The number of polyps detected (NPD) and the polyp detection rate (PDR) in all cases and the number of polyps missed (NPM) and partial polyp miss rate (PPMR) in the cases of colorectal polyp were calculated. PDR is defined as the number of cases of colorectal polyps found in every 100 cases of colonoscopy. PPMR is defined as the number of cases of partial polyps missed in every 100 cases of colorectal polyps. PPMR was obviously different from PMR. PMR is defined as the number of cases of colorectal polyps missed in every 100 colonoscopies. The actual total number of polyps in patients involves the number of polyps found pre-polypectomy and polypectomy intraoperatively.
2.6 Statistical analysis
Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The t-test was used for testing the significance between quantitative variables, and χ2-test was used to detect the significant differences between qualitative variables. Kolgomorov–Smirnoff test was used to verify the normal distribution of quantitative data. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for non-normally distributed data. P-value less than .05 was considered significant.
3 Results
3.1 General information
A total of 1390 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 550 patients were not included in the study. A total of 419 patients were enrolled in group A, 421 in group B, 43 in group AR, and 35 in group BR.
3.2 Patient features
No differences in terms of sex, age, weight, and height were found between groups A and B, groups AR-1 and BR-1, and groups AR-2 and BR-2 (P > .05). The above data are shown in Tables 1 and 4.
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Table 1: The general characteristics of patients and endoscopists in the studied groups.
3.3 Endoscopists’ characteristics
In terms of endoscopist's colonoscopy operation period, average annual colonoscopy cases, and total colonoscopy cases, no differences were found between groups A and B, AR-1 and BR-1, AR-2 and BR-2, AR-1 and AR-2, and BR-1 and BR-2 (P > .05, Tables 1 and 4).
3.4 Colonoscopy operation-related parameters
In terms of single/double operating colonoscopy, withdrawal time, and intubation time, no differences were observed between groups A and B, AR-1 and BR-1, AR-2 and BR-2, AR-1 and AR-2, and BR-1 and BR-2 (P > .05). No significant differences were found in BBPS between groups A and B, AR-1 and BR-1, and AR-2 and BR-2 (P > .05). However, significant differences were observed between AR-1 and AR-2 and BR-1 and BR-2 (P < .05, Tables 2 and 4).
Table 2: The colonoscopy operation-related parameters in the studied groups.
3.5 PDR, NPD, SPD, PPMR, NPM, and SPM
No significant differences were observed in terms of PDR, NPD, and SPD between groups A and B; PPMR, NPM, and SPM between groups AR-1 and BR-1; and PPMR, NPM, and SPM between groups AR-2 and BR-2 (P > .05). PPMR in group AR-1 was higher than that in group AR-2 (P < .05), and similar results were found in PPMR between group BR-1 and BR-2 (P < .05). The differences in NPD, SPD, NPM, and SPM in AR-1 and AR-2 (P > .05) were not significant. However, significant differences were observed in NPD, NPM, and SPM in BR-1 and BR-2 (P < .05). However, no significant differences were found in SPD between groups BR-1 and BR-2 (P > .05). The above data are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Besides, whether the diameter of the polyp was less or greater than 0.5 cm did not lead to significant differences in PDR between groups A and B in NPD and PPMR, NPM, and SPM between groups AR-1 and BR-1 (P > .05, Table 5).
Table 3: The polypectomy-related parameters in the studied groups.
Table 4: Main statistical results of each group.
Table 5: The impact of polyp size on polypectomy-related parameters in the studied groups.
4 Discussion
Colorectal polyps are rarely accompanied by symptoms before canceration other than occasional stool abnormalities. Therefore, current research focuses on increasing PDR and decreasing PMR during colonoscopy, thereby reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer and even ICC.[3,7–9,16]
Many studies have been conducted on colorectal polyps. Similarly, many instruments and technological innovations, such as the advent of endocuff,[17,18] third eye retroscope,[19–21] high definition endoscopy,[22–25] full-spectrum endoscopy,[26,27] and a variety of chromoendoscopy,[28–30] have been developed. To improve PDR, some endoscopists add a transparent cap in front of the colonoscope[31] or use water-aided colonoscopy.[32–34] In addition, a few reports have focused on the effects of bowel preparation on improving PDR.[35–39] Several studies have explored the correlation between the features of colonoscopy operators, including endoscopists and nurses, and PDR.[40–42] Besides, much research has been devoted to the control of withdrawal time.[43–50]
The above studies explored the objective factors related to colonoscopy. The results showed that several elements, such as adequate bowel preparation and withdrawal time of more than 6 minutes, have contributed to improving PDR.[40]
However, whether endoscopists subjectively affect PDR during colonoscopy and the different levels of focus of the operators that may cause different PDR are factors that must be considered. We often detect new polyps by chance in the second colonoscopy for polypectomy. As such, questions, such as “Was the first colonoscopy conducted carelessly?”, “Did the focus of the second colonoscopy lead to such result?”, and “Will purposely seeking colorectal polyps increase detection rate compared with routine colonoscopy?”, may arise.
Our study showed that partial data were almost consistent with our expectations. First, the interesting phenomena found in our previous clinical practices were statistically confirmed by our study. The number of polyps removed in the second colonoscopy was significantly higher than that found in the first colonoscopy. This finding was supported by the significantly higher number of NPD in BR-2 compared with BR-1. However, the differences in NPD between AR-1 and AR-2 were not significant. Unfortunately, our findings indicated that the differences in NPD between groups A and B were not significant. Purposely seeking colorectal polyps did not decrease PPMR compared with routine performance during colonoscopy. No significant differences in PPMR and NPM were found between AR-1 and BR-1. In other words, purposely seeking colorectal polyps did not increase PDR and reduce PPMR compared with routine colonoscopy. This result is not consistent with those of other studies showing that focusing on detecting polyps may help doctors improve ADR. Madhoun et al reported that video recording may help endoscopists increase ADR.[51]
The differences in NPD and SPM between AR-1 and AR-2 were not significant. Although no significant differences were found in SPD between BR-1 and BR-2, significant differences were observed in SPM in the two groups. However, this finding does not suggest that additional focus may result in a significant difference in sensitivity to polyps of different sizes. Further analysis indicated that a polyp diameter less than or greater than 0.5 cm had no significant effect on PDR between groups A and B in NPD, PPMR, NPM, and SPM between groups AR-1 and BR-1 (Table 5). Several polyps, which had been found in groups AR-1 and BR-1, were missed in groups AR-2 and BR-2. In other words, the polyps found in the first colonoscopy were not found in the second colonoscopy for removal. This result suggests that omission is unavoidable because “change blindness” and “inattention blindness” are common phenomena in science.[40]
In our single-center study, PDR and reduction of the rate of polyp missed diagnosis in colonoscopy were not improved by purposely seeking polyps. The current trend in colonoscopy research is artificial intelligence (AI), and its application may serve as a promising direction. We are also conducting research on this topic. We hope that AI can help us observe more colorectal polyps and nip more cases of colorectal cancer in the bud.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Yanliu Chu, Juan Zhang, Enqiang Linghu.
Data curation: Ping Wang, Shuyi Jiang.
Formal analysis: Ping Wang.
Funding acquisition: Yanliu Chu, Xiaozhong Gao.
Investigation: Tian Li, Shuyi Jiang, Xiaozhong Gao, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenhe Song.
Methodology: Yanliu Chu, Juan Zhang, Shuyi Jiang, Qinfu Zhao, Feng Liu, Xiaozhong Gao, Xiuli Qiao, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenhe Song, Heye Liang, Jing Yue.
Project administration: Yanliu Chu, Juan Zhang, Tian Li, Shuyi Jiang, Qinfu Zhao, Feng Liu, Xiaozhong Gao, Xiuli Qiao, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenhe Song, Heye Liang, Jing Yue.
Resources: Shuyi Jiang, Feng Liu, Xiaozhong Gao, Xiuli Qiao, Heye Liang.
Software: Shuyi Jiang, Feng Liu.
Supervision: Yanliu Chu, Feng Liu, Xiaozhong Gao, Xiuli Qiao, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenhe Song, Heye Liang, Jing Yue, Enqiang Linghu.
Validation: Yanliu Chu, Feng Liu, Xiaozhong Gao, Xiuli Qiao, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenhe Song, Heye Liang, Enqiang Linghu.
Visualization: Feng Liu.
Writing – original draft: Yanliu Chu, Tian Li, Qinfu Zhao.
Writing – review & editing: Yanliu Chu, Tian Li, Qinfu Zhao.
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