1 Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases in the clinical practice.[1,2] [3,4] [5–8] [9,10] [11–15]
Previous studies have reported that low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) can be used to treat patients with COPD and RF.[16–21] safety of patients with COPD and RF. Thus, this study will explore the efficacy and safety of LMWH for the treatment of patients with COPD and RF.
2 Methods and analysis
2.1 Ethics and dissemination
This study dose not needs ethical approval because no individual data will be used. We expect to publish the results of this study at a peer-reviewed journal.
2.2 Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
2.2.1 Types of studies
All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of using LMWH for patients with COPD and RF will be included with no language limitation.
2.2.2 Types of interventions
Experimental intervention must include LMWH in any forms.
Comparison intervention can be any treatments except any forms of LMWH.
2.2.3 Types of participants
Patients with COPD and RF will be considered for inclusion in spite of race, sex, age, education background, and economic status.
2.2.4 Types of outcome measurements
Primary outcome includes lung function, which can be measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second or any other related tools.
Secondary outcomes consist of severity of dyspnea on exertion, as measured by any relevant scales, such as the 6-minute walk test scale; quality of life, as assessed by St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire or other tools; body mass index; airflow obstruction; and any expected and unexpected adverse events.
2.3 Search methods for the identification of studies
2.3.1 Electronic database searches
The following electronic databases will be searched comprehensively from inception to July 1, 2019: Cochrane Library, PUBMED, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, WANGFANG, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure without language restrictions. All RCTs related to the LMWH for COPD and RF will be considered with no language limitation. The detailed search strategy for Cochrane Library is presented in Table 1 . We will also adapt similar retrieval strategy to the other electronic databases.
Table 1: Search strategy for Cochrane Library.
2.3.2 Other literature sources search
The reference lists of included RCTs and conference proceedings will be searched to avoid missing any eligible studies.
2.4 Data collection and analysis
2.4.1 Selection of studies
Titles and abstracts of all searched records will be screened by 2 independent authors, focusing on identifying eligible studies and excluding duplicated or irrelevant studies according to the eligibility criteria. Full texts of possible trials will be further obtained if necessary. Any disagreements between 2 authors will be solved by a third author via discussion. The study selection is showed in the flowchart.
2.4.2 Data extraction and management
Before data extraction, we will create a standard data extraction sheet including the following information: title, first author, year of publication, location, participant characteristics, eligibility criteria, sample size, study setting, study methods, randomization, blinding, treatment details, controls, outcomes, safety , conflicts of interest, and other information. All data collection will be extracted by 2 independent authors. A third author will be involved to solve any disagreements between 2 authors by discussion. Any insufficient or missing information will be inquired by contacting primary authors.
2.5 Study quality assessment
Two authors will independently assess the risk of bias for all included studies using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Seven domains of this tool will be evaluated, and each one will be further divided into 3 levels: low, unclear and high risk of bias. A third author will be set to solve all disagreements between 2 authors.
2.6 Treatment effect measurements
Continuous variables will be presented as mean difference or standard mean difference and 95% confidence intervals, while dichotomous values will be exerted as risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals.
2.7 Statistical analysis
We will utilize RevMan 5.3 software to carry out statistical analysis. I 2 I 2 I 2
2.8 Additional analysis
2.8.1 Subgroup analysis
Subgroup analysis will be performed if the data are sufficient based on the different treatments, controls and outcomes.
2.8.2 Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis will be carried out to assess the impact of study design, and methodological quality.
2.8.3 Reporting bias
We will identify any reporting bias among eligible studies using funnel plot and Egger regression test if included studies are sufficient.[22,23]
3 Discussion
Although a variety of studies have shown that LMWH is effective in treating patients with COPD and RF, the evidence of LMWH in relieving COPD and RF is still insufficient. In order to systematically investigate the efficacy and safety of LMWH on all aspects of COPD and RF treatment, the goal of this study is to include adequate researches to ensure sufficient evidence. We expect LMWH to have a more positive impact on patients with COPD and RF. This result of this study may help provide more reliable evidence for the enhancement of LMWH management and application in the treatment of COPD and RF.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Data curation: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Funding acquisition: De-jun Zhao.
Investigation: De-jun Zhao.
Methodology: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Project administration: De-jun Zhao.
Resources: Jun-fei Feng.
Software: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Supervision: De-jun Zhao.
Validation: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Visualization: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Writing – original draft: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
Writing – review & editing: De-jun Zhao, Jun-fei Feng.
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