1 Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic systemic inflammatory disease, mainly involves the synovium, leading to joint swelling, pain, bone erosion, and even deformity directly after over-accumulation of synovial fluid and fibrous tissues.[1] [2,3] [4] [5]
As a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), Chinese herbal medicine may have the potential of remitting RA symptoms or lowering disease activity.[6,7]
Although HGWG have been used clinically for many years, the efficacy and safety of HGWG still need evidence-based medical research. So, we plan to conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of HGWG in fighting against RA.
2 Methods/design
2.1 Study design
This study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 2 parallel arms (Fig. 1 ). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HGWG in the treatment of RA. We will recruit 120 patients from 3 medical institutions in Shanghai, China: Longhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, and Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine. All patients will be randomly assigned to HGWG group (experimental group) and placebo (control) group.
Figure 1: Project overview. HGWG = Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang granule, RA = rheumatoid arthritis.
Patients in the experimental group will be required to take in HGWG: twice a day, 1 package a time, after breakfast and dinner, for 12 weeks. Patients in the control group will use HGWG placebo in the same manner.
2.2 Medication and administration
HGWG will be manufactured, packaged and labeled by a factory in Shanghai based on standards for good manufacturing practice. The procedures in the making of HGWG are listed in Table 1 . The crude herbs include: Astragalus membranaceus (Huang Qi), 9 kg; Cassia twig (Gui Zhi), 9 kg; Paeonia lactiflora pall (Shao Yao), 9 kg; Radix Glycyrrhizae (Gan Cao), Ziziphus zizyphus (Da Zao), 18 kg. All materials will be supplied in 1 batch from Long Hua hospital and stored in a cool and dry place. The procedures in the making of HGWG are as follows:
1. three rounds of extractions – firstly, put the herbs listed above in a ceramic container, then add 1000 L of distilled water into the container to macerate the herbs for 1 hour, and then boil the mixture at 100°C for 1 hour for the first extraction; secondly, pour out the liquid extract, and add 1000 L of distilled water and boil it at 100°C for 1 hour; thirdly, extract after adding 500 L of distilled water and boiling for half an hour.
2. concentration: concentrate the mixture of 3 extractions at 60°C (660 mm Hg) and spray-dry the mixture into powders. Then the powders are smashed and screened through a mesh size of 80. At last, the granules are packaged (4 g a bag) and stored in a clean room at 20°C and 50% humidity. HGWG placebo is made up of HGWG extraction (10%) and bitterant (90%). Pigment (such as lemon yellow, caramel pigment, and sunset yellow), edible lactose essence, and starch which makes the color, taste/smell, and shape are similar to HGWG.
Table 1: Components of HGWG.
Anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate (MTX) and sulfasalazine, may be used during the observation period. Patients’ original records are recorded. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used to control patient's pain. The doctor responsible for the project will keep all medication records during the patients’ treatment. In addition, other conditions and treatments should be documented in the management manual. Both groups will have a 3-month treatment and a 9-month follow-up. At 7 time points (baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks), visits will be scheduled for each patient. The plan is shown in Table 2 .
Table 2: Schedule of enrollment and assessments.
2.3 Ethical issues
The trial will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Research, and the trial protocol has been approved by the Research Ethical Committee of Longhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China, (approval number: 2018LCSY024), Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (approval number: 2018-K-10), and Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital (approval number: 2018-IRBQY-014).
The physicians will invite the patient to participate in the trial, tell them in detail why we should take this trial and what kind of rights, obligations, and risks they will have if they participate the trials. And the care provider will give them a written informed consent. Only the patients who fully understand and sign the informed consent, can participant the trial.
Additionally, the personal information about the potential and enrolled participants will be collected to be used only in this trial, and we will not share or maintained the personal information when unnecessary.
2.4 Participants
Recruitment notice for research participants is publicized on posters and websites at 3 hospitals (Longhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine). All participants will receive informed consent before randomization.
2.5 Sample size calculation
We calculated the sample size according to our primary study which conducted from January 2018 to October 2018 into the efficacy of the HGWG versus HGWG placebo, and we found that patients taking HGWG achieved 83.5% ACR50, whereas patients in the placebo group achieved 54.7% ACR50 response. Formula of sample size calculation is . In this formula, N1 and N2 are the number of HGWG and placebo group, u α/2 = 1.96 when type 1 error is 0.05; u β = 1.282 when type II error is 0.1 in two-sided tests. is the mean of p 1 and p 2 .[8]
3 Criteria
3.1 Inclusion criteria
Participants meeting the following requirement will be included.
Diagnosed with RA according to the diagnostic criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology in 1987.
DAS28 score of 2.6 to 5.1.
Aged 18 to 70.
Signing informed consent and ensuring test compliance.
Women of childbearing age must undergo testing and have no pregnancy plan throughout the trial.
Having no history of combined disease and active tuberculosis.
3.2 Exclusion criteria
Having any concurrent rheumatic disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, or severe osteoarthritis.
Having tumor and cancer.
Having a history of serious allergic reactions.
Pregnant or lactating women and women of childbearing age who do not have an effective contraceptive method.
Having cardiac, hematologic, respiratory, neurological, endocrine, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, or psychotic disease.
Having infectious diseases.
Showing poor compliance, and unwillingness to be followed-up.
Showing alcoholism or drug dependency.
3.3 Interventions
Experimental group (HGWG group): Patients are given HGWG (orally twice a day for 12 weeks and instructed to dissolve one package (4 g) with hot water (200 mg). Control group: HGWG placebo will be used in the same way.
Supportive therapy of two groups:
1. DMARDs can be used during the observation period, such as MTX and sulfasalazine (the original dose will be maintained);
2. According to the patient's pain severity, NSAIDs can be added;
3. Patients should provide a detailed list of drugs used during follow-up and observation period. Researchers must record the name of the drugs, dosage, frequency, and duration.
3.4 Randomization and allocation
Shanghai Medical Clinical Research Center (CRC) will control the randomization develop a random number table by SAS9.1 PROC PLAN. The random number table will be generated in a ratio of 1: 1 using 3 test centers as a stratification factor. This table contains 2 corresponding groups, one is sequence number of inclusion, the other one is the treatment or placebo group.
Pharmaceutical factory will contact the CRC to obtain the random number table, then post the sequence number to boxed of medicine (HGWG or placebo) according to the table.
When a participant is recruited in, the investigator will make a central telephone call and give him/her the medicine (HGWG or the placebo) from the administrator according to the central call.
All the investigators except for the CRC and pharmaceutical factory will not know the corresponding relations between sequence numbers and different groups until the trials completed.
3.5 Blinding
In this trial, all the researchers will not be in contact with the CRC and the pharmaceutical factory. The CRC will be isolated from all researchers. The stuff in the pharmaceutical factory does not participant in the other parts of this trial. Therefore, the investigator, doctors, nurses, statisticians (analyze outcomes), and other participants have no access to the research information, and will not know the corresponding relations between sequence numbers and different groups until the whole trial completed (including the statistical work).
If an adverse event is claimed, we will record it and provide a proper treatment strategy. Clinicians will provide emergency services in case of serious adverse events, and report them to the Institutional Review Board within 24 hours. Then the leader of Longhua Hospital ethic committee, CRC and the main investigator will make a decision to break the blinding or not, and the participant information of intervention, HGWG or HGWG placebo will be provided by CRC.
4 Outcome measures
4.1 Primary outcome measure
ACR50 from baseline to 12 weeks after treatment will be compared. ACR50 is a standard to describe RA symptoms.[9]
Patient's assessment on arthritis pain using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of 0 to 100 mm
Patient's global assessment of disease activity using VAS scale (0–10)
Patient's assessment of physical function and disability HAQ-DI
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
C-reactive Protein (CRP) level
Similarly, ACR20 is met when ≥20% is achieved in the reduction of tender joint number, swollen joint number, and indexes of 3 of the 5 other measurements.[10]
ACR scale has been accepted as the efficacy benchmark in RA clinical trials and has greater discriminant capacity to distinguish patients on active treatment from placebo control.[9,11,12] [13,14]
4.2 Secondary measurements
The secondary outcomes will be to compare the rates of change in the ACR20/70, DAS28, HAQ-DI, Patient Assessment of Arthritis Pain, Patient Global Assessment of Arthritis, and AIS score from baseline to 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks’ and 48 weeks’ follow-up. The rate of change in the ACR50 from the baseline to 2 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks’ and 48 weeks’ follow-up are also secondary outcome measures. Additionally, the change in score on the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) from baseline to 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks is also calculated.
The DAS28 is an index calculating the number of painful and swollen joints (28 joints, i.e. shoulders, elbows, wrists, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, and knees), ESR and the score of global assessment.[15] [16–18]
HAQ-DI is a subscale of ACR 20/50/70 that reports biochemical and physical conditions. It has been widely used in RA clinical trials to assess disease activity and patient disability.[19] [20]
People with RA often have sleep disorders that worsen as RA deteriorates.[10,21] [22]
The SF-36 measures eight dimensions, including vitality, body function, body aches, general health perceptions, body functions, emotional function, social function, and mental health. SF-36 is widely used in the evaluation of quality of life in patients with RA.[10,23]
In addition, concomitant medications are also recorded as secondary outcomes.
4.3 Safety assessments
The HGWG has been used for hundreds of years in China, and the quantity of herbs in the HGWG are safe according to the recommended amount in Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2015 version). The incidence and severity of adverse reactions are observed in each test. Clinical tests on joint swelling, tenderness, morning stiffness, and average grip strength will be observed closely along the whole trial. Also, the laboratory tests, blood routine, urine routine, feces routine, kidney, and liver function will be performed at the beginning and end of this trial.
4.4 Participant timeline
The participants will be researched for 24 months, from 1st April 2019 to 1st April 2021. The final visit of all participants is scheduled for 31st July, 2021. The recruitment process is shown in Figure 1 , and the schedule is shown in Table 2 .
4.5 Data collection and monitoring
This is a 48 weeks’ clinical trial in which participants will receive 12 weeks of medication and 36 weeks of follow-up. Disease activity will be assessed at 7 time points (baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 48 weeks). Longhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (http://www.longhua.net/ywsy/gzlc/287.jhtml
Epidata (version 3.0) procedure will be used to restrict data values. Two trained investigators will enter and compare the data independently to rule out the difference.
4.6 Statistical analysis
Trained statisticians will adopt intention-to-treat approach for effectiveness and safety analysis. In addition, the last-observation-carried-forward method will be applied in handling missing values. All statistical analysis will be conducted by Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 22.0). Statistical test is two-sided and P < .05 is statistically significant. The mean ± standard deviation will be used for the description of continuous variables. The percentage is used to categorize the variable's description. Continuous variables following the normal distribution will be analyzed by Student t test; otherwise, non-parametric tests will be used to compare group differences.
5 Discussion
RA may lead to complications such as severe infection and malignant tumor.[24–26] [8,27–29] [30,31]
To the best of our knowledge, this is a well-designed, randomized, controlled trial investigating the efficacy of the HGWG for the treatment of active RA. This study is built on our preliminary open trial with a small sample, as well as hundreds of years’ use of the HGWG in China for the treatment of RA. The findings of this research will elucidate the efficacy and safety of HGWG and provide an alternative treatment for RA. In addition, our data will benefit the clinical decision-making on active RA and possibly be incorporated into future guidelines.
5.1 Trial status
The trial will begin on 1st April 2019, and we will complete the recruitment on 1st April 2021.
Author contributions
QS, QQL, and YJW supervised and coordinated the clinical trial, conceived of the study, and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. YRW, YL, and ZJX are co-first authors of this manuscript, contributing equally in designing, conducting the trials, and drafting the manuscript. All authors will participate in the design of the study and performing the trial. QQL will supervise the clinical trial. YY, LL, JCM, LBX, XHG, MY, XJC, QS, and YJW are responsible for recruiting the participants. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Investigation: Yang Yu, Li Liu, Jianchun Mao, Lianbo Xiao, Xiaohua Gu, Min Yao, Xuejun Cui, Qi Shi, Yongjun Wang.
Methodology: Yiru Wang, Yang Liu, Zhijie Xi, Jianchun Mao, Lianbo Xiao, Xiaohua Gu, Min Yao, Xuejun Cui, Qi Shi, Yongjun Wang, Qianqian Liang.
Supervision: Qianqian Liang.
Writing – original draft: Yiru Wang, Yang Liu, Zhijie Xi.
Writing – review & editing: Yiru Wang.
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