1 Introduction
Infertility has been a worldwide health problem, affecting 10% to 15% of couples with child-bearing age. Male factors have been deemed to 50% causes for infertility.[1] sperm quality . Mammalian spermatozoa are produced in testis by experiencing complex spermatogenesis process, and get maturation characteristics in epididymis mainly by post-translational modifications. Abnormality of any steps in spermatogenesis or sperm maturation can cause poor sperm quality , leading to male infertility.[2,3]
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex cell proliferation and differentiation process, including spermatogonia mitosis, renewal meiosis, and terminal differentiation of spermiogenesis.[4,5] sperm quality through the analysis of knockout mice model. Our previous studies identified testis-specific genes and characterized their functions in sperm quality regulation.[6–11] sperm quality . It maybe served as a biomarker for assessment of sperm quality .[11] sperm quality evaluation, an aberrant expression of any key genes will affect the outcome of spermatogenesis, which leads to altered ejaculated sperm quality or male infertility.
Asthenospermia is the common clinical case, which was characterized with poor sperm motility.[12] sperm quality at protein or gene levels is deserved to be studied. Many proteomic analysis on asthenozoospermic spermatozoa have been reported.[13–19]
Recent studies have shown the presence of mRNAs in human sperm, and indicated that sperm RNAs were associated with sperm quality . They were supposed to have clinical values to be mRNA biomarkers for assessment of sperm quality and fertility potential, and also reflect spermatogenesis status. Transcriptomic analysis based on gene expression omnibus (GEO) repository provides a useful tool for comprehensively analyzing gene expressions. Herein, by combining with bioinformatics analysis and verification by molecular biology methods, we performed a comprehensive in silico analysis to find spermatogenesis genes involved in sperm quality assessment.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Ethics statement
This study was approved by the ethics committee of YantaiYuhuangding Hospital. Written informed consent was signed by participants or their relatives.
2.2 Sample preparation
Semen samples were collected from 8 healthy young adults men (aged 28–36 years old) who were ruled out of varicocele, and 8 asthenozoospermic patients (aged 25–36 years, progressive motility <32%). Semen was obtained by masturbation after 7 days of sexual abstinence. Collection and processing of semen samples was conducted in accordance with the guideline of World Health Organization's (WHO) Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen (5th edition, 2010). All donors gave their written informed consent with donating the sperm ejaculates for the purposes of the research project. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of YantaiYuhuangding Hospital.
The semen samples were liquefied at 37 °C for 30 minutes, then were separated by Percoll on a discontinuous density gradients with 45% and 85%, that could rule out the contamination of round cells including germ cells leukocytes, etc. The spermatozoa were collected from 85% underlayer, and washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Meanwhile, a microscopic examination was performed to check the quality of purified spermatozoa.
2.3 Real-time RT–PCR
Each sperm pellet was homogenized in 500 μL of TRIzol reagent at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then 200 μL of chloroform was added and shaken for 15 seconds, following centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 15 minutes at 4 °C. The upper supernatant was collected and precipitated using 500 μL isopropanol. After centrifugation of 12,000 × g , pellet was washed by 70% ethyl alcohol and resolved in sterile diethypyrocarbonate (DEPC) water. Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) were synthesized according to the instructions provided using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI). Primers were designed using Primer Premier 7.0 software (PREMIER Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA) and each primer was submitted into an National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BLAST search to ensure specificity for the target mRNA. Real-time RT-PCR was performed under conditions of 2 minutes at 95 °C, followed by 15 seconds at 95 °C and 50 seconds at 65 °C for 40 cycles. Data were analyzed using the GeneAmp5700 Sequence Detection System software (version 1.1; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and were converted into threshold cycle (CT) values. All samples were normalized according to b-actin content. The formula 2–△Ct was used to calculate the relative mRNA levels.[20]
2.4 Data mining
The microarray-based, high-throughput gene expression data of sperm were obtained from the GDS DataSet of the GEO repository in the NCBI archives (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo
2.5 Gene ontology (GO) analysis
The general functions of DEGs were broadly classified according to the GO annotation (www.geneontology.org http://www.pantherdb.org
2.6 Over-representation analysis of DEGs
Over-representation analysis of the GO terms, including biological processes and molecular functions, was conducted using ConsensusPathDB-human (http://cpdb.molgen.mpg.de/CPDB P-− value cutoff was set as .01. The PPI network was established by the STRING (search tool for recurring instances of neighboring genes) (released 10.5, 2017–05–14) (http://string-db.org/
2.7 Statistical analysis
Data are reported as means ± SD. Means of 2 groups were analyzed using the Student t test. GraphPad Prism 7 (La Jolla, CA) was used to perform the statistical analysis. A value of P < .05 was considered to be significant.
3 Results
3.1 Identification of differentially expressed genes in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of asthenozoospermia spermatozoa may be served as biomarkers for assessment of sperm quality . Comparison of expressions of genes in spermatozoa from normal and asthenozoospermia patients revealed that 1323 gene transcripts were differentially expressed. 1140 genes (86%) were down-regulated in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa, and only 183 genes (14%) were upregulated in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa. A broad functional classification showed that DEGs were related to various molecular functions. A large number of genes had activities of catalysis and binding. Compared with up-regulated genes, more percentage of down-regulated genes were mainly related to the ones of transporter activity, structural molecular activity, and protein and chromatin binding (Fig. 1 A). Prominent biological processes of localization, biogenesis, and biological regulation were performed by down-regulated genes (Fig. 1 B). A group of down-regulated genes were related to well-known reproductive processes of mitotic cell cycle, spermatid differentiation, sperm-egg recognition and binding (Fig. 1 C, D).
Figure 1: Functional classification of differentially expressed genes in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa. GOSlim summary were listed including molecular function (A) and biological process (B); the height of the bar represented percentage of the number of genes observed in the category. Protein–protein interactions generated by analysis of round spermatid specific DEGs (C), Red circles indicated the biological process of spermatogenesis, green circles indicated germ cell development, and blue circles indicated fertilization processes. Network of down-regulated genes involved in biological processes of male reproduction (D). DEGs = differentially expressed genes.
Over-representation analysis showed that down-regulated genes in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa significantly functioned as ubiquitin-like protein transferase or protein binding activities (Table 1 ).
Table 1: Overrepresentation enrichment analysis of differential expressed genes in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa.
3.2 Identification of germ cell-specific genes associated with asthenozoospermia
Germ cell-specific genes are potential key genes involving in regulation of sperm quality . By comparing the gene expressions in mouse spermatogonia, spermatocyte and round cells, 845, 105, and 448 genes exhibited specific expressions in round cells, spermatocyte, and spermatogonia cells, respectively.
Comparison between germ cell-specific genes and DEGs in asthenozoospermia showed that 96 (11.6%) round spermatid specific genes and 21 (6.3%) spermatogonia specific genes were down-regulated in asthenozoospermia. Notably, only 2 spematocyte specific genes of GMCL1 and ASRGL1 were down-regulated in asthenozoospermia. Nine germ specific genes (7 spermatogonia and 2 round spermatid specific genes) were up-regulated in asthenozoospermia (Supplementary Table 1, https://links.lww.com/MD/C653
A functional enrichment analysis of 96 round spermatid specific genes showed that these genes were mainly involved in the processes of spermatogenesis and fertilization. They were the main components of spermatozoa (Fig. 1 C).
3.3 Validation of the mRNA expression in asthenozoospermia
Ubiquitin (Ub) plays important roles in germ cell development, and its deletion resulted in mouse spermatogenesis arrestion at meiotic prophase, leading to male infertility.[21] Fig. 2 , ADAMTS5 , TEX11 were specifically expressed in spermatogonia, and had no significant difference in testis after Ubb deletion. While ASRGL1 and GMCL1 were specifically expressed in spermatocytes, PGK2 and KLHL10 were specifically expressed in round spermatids. Deletion of Ubb resulted in the obviously decreased expressions of these genes in testis. Expressions of selected genes in Ubb deletion testis validated their germ cell specific expressions. Validation by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in spermatozoa from normozoospermia and asthenozoospermia was performed. As shown in Fig. 3 , except for TEX11 , ADAMTS5 , ASRGL1 , GMCL1 , PGK2 , and KLHL10 had significantly decreased expression in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa.
Figure 2: Expression of Tex11 , AdamTS5 , Asrgl1 , Gmcl1 , Pgk2 , Klhl10 in the testis from wild type and Ubb deletion mouse testis.
Figure 3: RT-PCR analysis of representative DEGs in normozoospermia and asthenozoospermia spermatozoa. Asth = asthenozoospermia, DEGs = differentially expressed genes, Nor = normozoospermia, RT-PCR = Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction.
4 Discussion
Spermatozoa are functional performer in male fertility, and produced by experiencing complex processes, including meiosis, mitosis, spermatogenesis, and spermiogenesis.[22] [23] [9,10] sperm quality , and also defective spermatozoa could be traced back to abnormal gene expression. This study performed a bioinformatics dataming of genes associated with asthenozoospermia, and provided a novel insight into the understanding of sperm quality .
In the present study, we performed a systematic bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profile which was associated with asthenozoospermia. 86% of DEGs were down-regulated in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa, suggesting that decreased expression of key genes during spermatogenesis was the main cause of poor sperm quality . These genes covered broad functions, including metabolism, transport, binding, and catalysis activities. The down-regulated DEGs in asthenozoosperima were enriched in molecular function of ubiquitin related activities, which were involved in processes of protein ubiquitination and male gamete generation processes. A group of DEGs were well-known to be involved spermatogenesis or fertilization processes. The results demonstrated that these DEGs were key molecules involved in sperm physiological function. They provided a useful dataset for further mining fertility markers. It could supplement the current shortage of proteomic data. We previously suggested that germ cell-specific genes may be served as key molecular markers for assessing sperm quality .[11,12] sperm quality .[22] sperm quality .[12] [24] [24] [25] [26] sperm quality .
Current knowledge about physiological and pathological aspects of spermatozoa is still limited. Each of spermatogenesis processes is characterized by its own gene expression patterns. Molecular markers of germ cells at various stages are useful for understanding the underlying mechanism of spermatogenesis. The study provided a useful dataset and new idea for further research of spermatogenesis and regulation of sperm quality , and also provided ideas and prospects for research in male contraception, diagnosis, and treatment of male infertility.
Author contributions
Data curation: XueXia Liu, Li Cai.
Funding acquisition: FuJun Liu.
Investigation: XueXia Liu, Li Cai.
Methodology: Li Cai.
Resources: Li Cai.
Validation: XueXia Liu.
Writing – original draft: FuJun Liu.
Writing – review & editing: FuJun Liu.
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