1 Introduction
The number of elderly patients (aged ≥65 years according to the World Health Organization) with severe sepsis and septic shock has been increasing continuously.[1,2] [1,3] sepsis management.[4] sepsis response compared with non-elderly patients, which leads to emergency department (ED) physicians’ difficulty in early diagnosis of sepsis .[5] sepsis among elderly patients.
Sepsis -associated hyperlactatemia is a strong independent predictor of mortality in sepsis , and its occurrence and progression are widely observed by clinicians[6] [7] [8,9]
The difference of lactate level between non-elderly and elderly patients with sepsis was still unknown. This is the first study to investigate the prognostic value of hyperlactatemia to predict the 28-day in-hospital mortality among elderly patients with sepsis and if there was any difference with those of the non-elderly.
2 Method
2.1 Study design
A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the prognostic value of hyperlactatemia to predict the 28-day in-hospital mortality between elderly (≥65 years) and non-elderly (<65 years) patients with sepsis . The Institutional Review Board of Chang Cheng Memorial Hospital approved this study with a waiver of the patients’ informed consent.
2.2 Study setting and population
This is a single-center retrospective observational cohort study from January 2007 to December 2013 in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, a 2300-bed medical center providing primary and tertiary level care in southern Taiwan. It receives >100,000 ED visits per year. We analyzed all adult patients (≥18 years) who visited the ED with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), receiving parenteral antibiotics, and having their blood culture collected. Only patients with available serum lactate levels checked at the ED were finally included for analysis.
Electronic medical records including chart and nursing documentation were obtained from the ED health information system based on a computerized database and reviewed by the authors. The following data were retrospectively collected from the electronic medical records of all enrolled patients: demographic characteristics, preexisting major comorbidities, initial vital signs, serum lactate level, major infection source, and outcome of septic events.
The underlying disease and infection sites are determined based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Ninth Revision (ICD-9) coding. The comorbidity on the underlying diseases was defined based on the ICD-9 coding, which is liver cirrhosis (571.2, 571.5, 571.6), diabetes mellitus (250.00–250.99), chronic renal insufficiency (582.00–589.99), congestive heart failure (428.0–428.9), cerebrovascular disease (430.00–438.99), and malignancy (140.00–199.99). Major infections include respiratory tract (481.0–486.9), urinary tract (590.00–590.99, 601.0–601.9), skin and soft tissue (680.0–686.9, 728.86), intra-abdominal (562.11, 567.0–567.9, 5761, 574.00–574.19, 574.30–574.49, 574.60–574.89) infections based on the ICD-9 coding and other unknown infectious focuses or infection sites that does not belong to the 4 categories. The major outcome was 28-day in-hospital mortality.
2.3 Sepsis definitions
The American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine definitions were used, and sepsis was defined as infections consisting of ≥2 SIRS criteria: temperature of >38°C or <36°C, heart rate of >90/min, respiratory rate of >20/min or PaCO2 of <32 mmHg, and white blood cell count of >12,000 or <4000 cells/mL (or >10% band forms).[10]
2.4 Serum lactate testing equipment
Serum lactate levels were initially measured within 6 hours based on the ED physician's suspicion of sepsis development. Serum lactate (mmol/L) levels were measured using a serum-based immunoassay (Unicel DxC 880i Synchron; Beckman Coulter Inc, Brea, CA).
2.5 Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). We use PASS (Power Analysis and Sample Size Software) 14.0.7 to calculate power and sample size. Our sample size is enough for our research question and achieve >80% power. Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations and compared using the Student's t test. Categorical variables, expressed as numbers and percentages, were compared using the χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. Age, sex, and comorbidities including liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and malignancy, which may affect mortality in sepsis described in previous articles[6,11–13] P values <.05 were considered statistically significant.
3 Results
During the study period, 902,247 patients visited the ED; 47,553 of them presented with SIRS criteria for sepsis , received parenteral antibiotics, and had an available blood culture collected. A total of 8209 patients were younger than 18 years old, 31,799 were not checked for their serum lactate levels, and 458 were discharged from the ED within 72 hours were excluded. Therefore, a total of 7087 adult patients with sepsis were finally enrolled. The flow chart of patients enrolled is shown in Figure 1 .
Figure 1: Study flow chart. ED = emergency department.
3.1 Risk factors of septic patients
Table 1 shows these patients’ demographics, presentation at the ED, comorbidities, major sources of infection, serum lactate levels, outcomes of sepsis , and difference between elderly and non-elderly patients. Elderly patients accounted for 62.3% of the patients, and both non-elderly and elderly groups were predominantly composed of men. Significantly different physiological changes such as lower heart rate, higher mean arterial pressure, and respiratory rate were observed in elderly patients with sepsis . Renal insufficiency, blood culture positive rate, septic shock rate, and metformin usage were not significantly different between these 2 groups.
Table 1: Patient demographics and clinical characteristics.
The serum lactate level was significantly lower in elderly septic group. Elderly patients seem to have more respiratory tract infection (55.0% vs 35.5%) and urinary tract infections (33.4% vs 20.9%) and the mortalities in each group are higher. The 28-days in-hospital mortality of ≥65 group with respiratory infection is 20.7% (504/2429) compare with <65 group with respiratory infection is 19.3% (183/948). The 28-days in-hospital mortality of ≥65 groups with urinary tract infection is 13.0% (191/1474) compare with <65 group with urinary tract infection is 9.5% (53/559). Non-elderly patients had significantly high incidences of liver cirrhosis, malignancy, skin and soft tissue infection, and intra-abdominal infection, whereas elderly patients with sepsis had high incidences of diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, cerebral vascular disease, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and 28-day in-hospital mortality.
3.2 Difference of serum lactate levels in non-survival septic patients
Table 2 demonstrates the subgroup analysis based on the 28-day in-hospital mortality. Increasing age was significantly more frequent in non-survival patients with sepsis in both non-elderly and elderly groups. Liver cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency, and malignancy were significantly more frequent in non-survivors in both non-elderly and elderly group. Otherwise, diabetes mellitus as a predictive factor was significantly more frequent in survivors in both non-elderly and elderly patients. The serum lactate levels in survival elderly and non-elderly patients with sepsis were similar, with 2.9 and 3.0 mmol/L, respectively. Elevated serum lactate level was significantly more frequent in the non-survival group in both elderly and non-elderly patients with sepsis , with 5.5 and 6.6 mmol/L, respectively. Compared with the non-elderly, the serum lactate level of the elderly is statistically significant different with about lower 1 mmol/L in non-survivors. Multiple logistic regression revealed higher adjusted mortality risk in elderly and non-elderly patients with lactate levels of ≥4.0 mmol/L (OR, 4.98 and 5.82; P < .01, respectively) compared to that in the reference group of non-elderly patients with lactate levels of <2.0 mmol/L (OR, 1.57 and 1.99; P < .01, respectively).
Table 2: Subgroup analysis based on 28-day in-hospital mortality.
In Table 3 , we compare lactate levels between survivors and non-survivors in <65 years and ≥65 years groups, lactate levels in elderly are lower than non-elderly only in non-survivors (5.5 vs 6.6 mmol/L, P < .001) not in survivors (2.9 vs 3.0 mmol/L, P = .565).
Table 3: Comparing lactate levels between survivors and non-survivors in <65 and ≥65 years groups.
3.3 Serum lactate level is an independent risk factor in sepsis with different trend characteristics based on age
The data were further analyzed with multiple logistic regression as the joint influence of the factors possibly associated with mortality in sepsis . Table 4 shows the OR of 28-day in-hospital mortality rate based on the serum lactate level divided into 3 groups, <2.0, 2.0 to 3.9, and >4.0 mmol/L. The crude OR of the mortality rate significantly increased with elevated serum lactate level and was 2.06, 5.99 for non-elderly patients and 1.54, 4.71 for elderly patients in the second and third lactate level groups, respectively. The same trend of significantly increased adjusted mortality risk based on the elevated lactate level was also found in either non-elderly or elderly group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the highest lactate level was associated with highest mortality risk, and the OR was 5.82 for non-elderly and 4.98 for elderly group.
Table 4: Multiple logistic regression showing crude and adjusted odds ratios of 28-day in-hospital mortality rate categorized by age and lactate level.
The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis in the complete cohort, in <65 years cohort and in ≥65 years cohort are shown in Figures 2–4 , respectively. The adjusted OR of the mortality rate is significantly increased with elevated serum lactate level and is 1.85 and 5.64 for all septic patients in the second and third lactate level groups, respectively. The serum lactate level, chronic renal insufficiency, and malignancy are significantly associated with 28-day in-hospital mortality rate in each cohort (OR > 1, P < .05). In contrast, diabetes mellitus is significant associated with survival in all septic cohort (OR < 1, P < .05).
Figure 2: Multiple logistic regression model of 28-day in-hospital mortality rate in complete cohort. CI = confidence internal, OR = odds ratio. * P < .05.
Figure 3: Multiple logistic regression of 28-day in-hospital mortality rate in <65 years cohort. CI = confidence internal, OR = odds ratio. * P < .05.
Figure 4: Multiple logistic regression of 28-day in-hospital mortality rate in ≥65 years cohort. CI = confidence internal, OR = odds ratio. * P < .05.
3.4 Serum lactate level in high-risk group
Table 5 shows the ROC curve analysis, and Youden's index was used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity based on the cutoff point 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L of the serum lactate level, respectively. Sensitivity rates of 0.80 and 0.77 for non-elderly and elderly patients with sepsis were higher on 2.0 mmol/L, respectively, whereas the specificity rate of 0.81 for non-elderly and elderly patients with sepsis were higher on 4.0 mmol/L.
Table 5: Receiver operating curve analysis to predict the outcome of 28-day in-hospital mortality.
4 Discussion
A 6-year retrospective analysis of >7000 ED admissions was conducted to evaluate the clinical characteristics, 28-day in-hospital mortality rate, and association between the serum lactate level and sepsis . In this study, elderly patients with sepsis were more likely to have respiratory and urinary tract infections and higher 28-day in-hospital mortality rate, which is similar to the findings reported in previous studies.[12,14] sepsis were more likely to have soft tissue and intra-abdominal infections.
4.1 Sepsis and lactate
Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response secondary to an acute infection and is a disease of great importance to ED physicians because of its potential rapid progression.[4,10] [7] sepsis include shock, elevated serum lactate levels, and organ failure.[15,16]
Elevated lactate level was a risk factor and a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis independent of covariates, such as comorbidities in this study and subgroup patients in the previous study.[6,17,18] sepsis .[8,19]
As shown in Figures 2–4 , lactate level is an independent predictors for 28-days in-hospital mortality. This study demonstrates the ability of serum lactate level in predicting the mortality of patients with sepsis in the ED with an increased risk if the lactate level is >2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L in non-elderly and elderly patients, respectively. Many clinical scores existed regarding the severity and risk of sepsis .[11,20] sepsis in both young adults and elderly.
4.2 Serum lactate level in elderly septic patients
An elderly body is physiologically different from that of a younger adult, and during old age, deterioration of various organ systems becomes evident. The characteristics of diseases in elderly persons may be vague and non-specific with lower body temperature, lower heart rate, and higher mean arterial pressure in sepsis , as shown in Table 1 . Elderly patients have more multiple disorders and missed or delayed diagnosis.[21] sepsis have an increased mortality as compared to their younger counterparts as evidenced by about 60% mortality rate in severe sepsis and septic shock.[12,20] sepsis .
This study shows that higher lactate levels are associated with higher risk of mortality, and age is a predictor of the 28-day in-hospital mortality among patients with sepsis . Multiple logistic regression revealed higher adjusted mortality risk in elderly and non-elderly patients with lactate levels of ≥4.0 mmol/L compared to that in the reference group of non-elderly patients with lactate levels of <2.0 mmol/L.
However, the difference of the serum lactate level was not observed between elderly and non-elderly survivors in this study. Compared with non-elderly patients, elderly patients with sepsis had a significantly lower lactate level, about 1 mmol/L (6.6 vs 5.5) in the non-survival group. There is no previous study about serum lactate level between non-elderly and elderly patients with sepsis . Further effort to clarity and eliminate the gap of lactate levels between non-elderly and elderly patients with sepsis in the non-survival group would improve the risk prediction of sepsis in the ED.
4.3 Limitations
This study has several limitations. First, a number of patients with lactate samples not drawn in the ED were excluded. The 28-day mortality of patients who did not undergo lactate measurement was 6.5% (2075/31799) and much lower than our study patients (23.6%). The infection of these patients should be less serious. If patients who did not undergo lactate measurement are included, the difference of lactate level between survivors and non-survivors will be more significant. We minimized the limitation impact by using large size of cohort and non-imputed data. Second, although the design of our study excluded the problems of data missing, there may be key-in errors in electric medical record. Since the distribution of the key-in errors is randomized in both groups, it would not interfere our major results. Thirdly, although different serum lactate levels were found between non-elderly and elderly patients with sepsis in non-survivors, a detailed explanation of this finding was beyond the scope of this study and required further investigation. Finally, all of our study groups are composed of Asians. Differences in ethnicity of patient groups may have consequences but there have been no studies to date comparing the impact of ethnic differences on sepsis outcomes. More studies of different ethnic groups are required to solve this problem.
5 Conclusion
Although elderly septic patients had more co-morbidities and severity of disease, elderly non-survivors had 1 mmol/L lower serum lactate level than those of the non-elderly non-survivors. Lactate >2 mmol/L still could provide enough sensitivity in predicting sepsis mortality in elder patients.
Acknowledgments
We appreciated the Biostatistics Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital for statistics work.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: C-M. Su.
Data curation: C-Y. Cheng, C-T. Kung, F-C. Chen, M-W. Change, S-Y. Hsiao, T-C. Tsai.
Formal analysis: F-C. Chen, H-H. Cheng.
Investigation: C-M. Su.
Methodology: F-C. Chen, H-H. Cheng.
Supervision: C-M. Su.
Validation: M-W. Change.
Writing – original draft: F-C. Chen, H-H. Cheng.
Writing – review & editing: C-M. Su.
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