Clearly defining pediatric massive transfusion: Cutting through the fog and friction with combat data : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery

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Clearly defining pediatric massive transfusion

Cutting through the fog and friction with combat data

Neff, Lucas P. MD; Cannon, Jeremy W. MD; Morrison, Jonathan J. MRCS; Edwards, Mary J. MD; Spinella, Philip C. MD; Borgman, Matthew A. MD

Author Information

From the Department of Surgery (L.P.N.), David Grant Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California; Departments of Surgery (J.W.C., M.J.E.) and Pediatrics (M.A.B.), San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Surgery (L.P.N., J.W.C.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and The Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma (J.J.M.), Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Submitted: July 30, 2014, Revised: September 25, 2014, Accepted: October 3, 2014.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

This study was presented at the 73rd annual meeting of American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, September 10–13, 2014, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The opinions expressed in this document are solely those of the authors and do not represent an endorsement by or the views of the US Air Force, the US Army, the Department of Defense, or the US Government.

Address for reprints: Jeremy W. Cannon, MD, Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234; email: [email protected].

Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 78(1):p 22-29, January 2015. | DOI: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000488

Abstract

BACKGROUND 

Massive transfusion (MT) in pediatric patients remains poorly defined. Using the largest existing registry of transfused pediatric trauma patients, we sought a data-driven MT threshold.

METHODS 

The Department of Defense Trauma Registry was queried from 2001 to 2013 for pediatric trauma patients (<18 years). Burns, drowning, isolated head injury, and missing Injury Severity Score (ISS) were excluded. MT was evaluated as a weight-based volume of all blood products transfused in the first 24 hours. Mortality at 24 hours and in the hospital was calculated for increasing transfusion volumes. Sensitivity and specificity curves for predicting mortality were used to identify an optimal MT threshold. Patients above and below this threshold (MT+ and MT−, respectively) were compared.

RESULTS 

The Department of Defense Trauma Registry yielded 4,990 combat-injured pediatric trauma patients, of whom 1,113 were transfused and constituted the study cohort. Sensitivity and specificity for 24-hour and in-hospital mortality were optimal at 40.1-mL/kg and 38.6-mL/kg total blood products in the first 24 hours, respectively. With the use of a pragmatic threshold of 40 mL/kg, patients were divided into MT+ (n = 443) and MT− (n = 670). MT+ patients were more often in shock (68.1% vs. 47.0%, p < 0.001), hypothermic (13.0% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001), coagulopathic (45.0% vs. 29.6%, p < 0.001), and thrombocytopenic (10.6% vs. 5.0%, p = 0.002) on presentation. MT+ patients had a higher ISS, more mechanical ventilator days, and longer intensive care unit and hospital stay. MT+ was independently associated with an increased 24-hour mortality (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–4.88; p = 0.007) and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.70–3.92; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION 

Based on this large cohort of transfused combat-injured pediatric patients, a threshold of 40 mL/kg of all blood products given at any time in the first 24 hours reliably identifies critically injured children at high risk for early and in-hospital death. This evidence-based definition will provide a consistent framework for future research and protocol development in pediatric resuscitation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 

Diagnostic study, level II. Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.

© 2015 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

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