From the Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery (A.H.H., P.L.W., J.M.B., M.F.M., K.A.R.), and Department of Medicine and Center to Eliminate Cardiovascular Health Disparities (L.A.C.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery (B.L.Z.), University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Surgery (M.L.C.), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Surgery (E.E.C.), Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC.

Submitted: September 24, 2012, Revised: January 30 2013, Accepted: January 30 2013.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal's Web site ( http://www.jtrauma.com/).

Address for reprints: Adil H. Haider, MD, MPH, Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Zayed Tower, 6107, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; email: [email protected].