From the Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery (T.W.C., R.Co.), Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego; Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center (R.Ca., A.B.), Loma Linda; Department of Surgery, University of Southern California (D.S., K.I.), Los Angeles; and Department of Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center (A.P., R.C.M.), San Francisco, California; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston (J.B.H., J.M.P.), Houston; Department of Surgery, East Texas Medical Center (L.W., J.C.), Tyler; and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (B.H.W., J.P.M.), Dallas, Texas; Department of Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center (T.M.S., D.M.S.), Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network (S.K., G.S.), Bethlehem; and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (T.Z., J.S.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Surgery, Chandler Regional Medical Center (B.R.R., F.O.M), Chandler, Arizona.
Submitted: September 6, 2015, Revised: January 7, 2016, Accepted: January 30, 2016, Published online: March 8, 2016.
This study was presented at the 74th annual meeting of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, September 9–12, 2015, in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Address for reprints: Todd W. Costantini, MD, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, 200 W. Arbor Dr, #8896 San Diego, CA 92103–8896; email: tcostantini@ucsd.edu.
