From the Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research (Z.G.H., E.B.S., E.R.H., A.H.H.), and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Critical Care (E.R.H., A.H.H.), Department of Surgery, Department of Emergency Medicine (ERH), and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (A.L.), The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; and Department of Health Policy and Management (R.C., A.H.H.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Surgery (S.N.Z., E.C.C.), Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia.
Submitted: September 16, 2013, Revised: January 13, 2014, Accepted: February 10, 2014.
This study was presented at the at the 72nd American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Annual Meeting and Clinical Congress of Acute Care Surgery, September 18–21, 2013, in San Francisco, California.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).
Address for reprints: Adil H. Haider, MD, MPH, Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research (CSTOR), The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Suite 6107, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-4688; email: [email protected].
