Comparative Biomechanical Analysis of an Improved Novel Pedicle Screw With Sheath and Bone Cement

Abstract

Study Design 

A human cadaveric biomechanical study of fixation strength of an improved novel pedicle screw (NPS) with cement and a conventional screw.

Objective 

To clarify whether the NPS has adequate fixation strength without leakage in vertebrae with low bone quality.

Summary of Background Data 

The fixation strength of pedicle screws decreases in frail spines of elderly osteoporotic patients. Augmentation of screw fixation with bone cement must be balanced against increased difficulty of screw removal and risk of cement leakage. We developed the NPS consisting of an internal screw and an outer sheath to mitigate the disadvantages of cement augmentation.

Methods 

The T12 and L1 vertebrae obtained from 18 formalin preserved cadavers (11 males and 7 females; mean age, 82.7 y) were used. The mean bone mineral density was 0.39±0.14 g/cm². The NPS was inserted into one pedicle of each vertebra and the control screw, a Compact CD2 screw, was inserted into the contralateral pedicle. Both screws were 6 mm in diameter and 40 mm in length. Pull-out tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. Cyclic loading tests were performed with a maximum 250 N load at 2 Hz until 30,000 cycles.

Results 

Cement leakage did not occur in any of the specimens tested. The mean maximum force at pull-out was 760±344 N for the NPS and 346±172 N for the control screw (P<0.01). Loosening of 50% of the screws was observed after 17,000 cycles of the NPS and after 30 cycles of the control screw. The hazard ratio of loosening was 19.6 (95% confidence interval 19.3-19.9) (P<0.001).

Conclusions 

The NPS showed a significantly higher mechanical strength than the control screw in both pull-out tests and cyclic loading tests. The NPS showed more than adequate strength without cement leakage.