Pediatric Crohn Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 Treated With Infliximab

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to a severe inflammatory response referred to as a cytokine storm. We describe a case of severe COVID-19 infection in a recently diagnosed pediatric Crohn disease patient successfully treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) blockade. The patient presented with 5 days of fever, an erythematous maculopapular facial rash, and abdominal pain without respiratory symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction was positive. Despite inpatient treatment for COVID-19 and a perianal abscess, the patient acutely decompensated, with worsening fever, tachycardia, fluid-refractory hypotension, elevation of liver enzymes, and transformation of the rash into purpura extending from the face to the trunk, upper and lower extremities, including the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. Cytokine profile revealed rising levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, higher than those described in either inflammatory bowel disease or severe COVID-19 alone. The patient was treated with infliximab for TNF-α blockade to address both moderately to severely active Crohn disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID-19. Within hours of infliximab treatment, fever, tachycardia, and hypotension resolved. Cytokine profile improved with normalization of TNF-α, a decrease in IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations. This case supports a role for blockade of TNF-α in the treatment of COVID-19 inflammatory cascade. The role of anti-TNF agents in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID-19 requires further investigation.

What Is Known/What Is New

What Is Known

• Coronavirus disease 2019 may lead to severe inflammatory response and cytokine storm.
• More than 200 patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporally related to coronavirus disease 2019 infection have been reported.
• Antitumor necrosis factor-α therapy with infliximab is effective for the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with pediatric Crohn disease.

What Is New

• Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines can be seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and cytokine storm associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection than are reported in either inflammatory bowel disease or with coronavirus disease 2019 alone.
• Infliximab therapy can effectively treat both pediatric Crohn disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children temporally associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, may lead to a severe inflammatory response or cytokine storm ⁽¹⁾. Immune dysfunction in untreated Crohn disease may augment the risk for a severe inflammatory response with COVID-19 ⁽²⁾. We describe a pediatric patient recently diagnosed with Crohn disease who developed severe COVID-19 infection successfully treated with infliximab.

CASE

A 14-year-old boy with recently diagnosed small bowel, perianal Crohn disease presented with 5 days of fevers and abdominal pain without respiratory symptoms. Physical examination was notable for tachycardia, an erythematous maculopapular facial rash, abdominal tenderness and a perianal lesion with purulent drainage. Initial laboratory tests revealed a C-reactive protein of 79.8 mg/L (normal 0–5 mg/L), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 64 mm/h (normal 0–15 mm/h) and hypoalbuminemia of 2.9 g/dL. SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction was positive. Magnetic resonance enterography revealed 28 cm of ileitis, a 2.3 cm perianal abscess and fistula. Chest x-ray was negative for an acute pulmonary process. Blood culture and stool polymerase chain reaction were negative. Treatment was initiated with intravenous (IV) piperacillin/tazobactam for his perianal abscess, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for SARS-CoV-2 infection, enoxaparin for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism, and IV fluids.

On day 3, cytokine profile revealed elevated serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 of 73.6 (normal 0–5) pg/mL, IL-8 of 43.1 (normal 0–5) pg/mL, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) of 68.7 (normal 0–22) pg/mL. D-dimer and ferritin (2.14 μg/mL fibrinogen equivalent units and 920 ng/mL, respectively) were also elevated. Fevers persisted despite a 3- and 5-day course of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine, respectively. Drainage of the perianal abscess occurred on day 6.

Elevated liver enzymes developed on day 7, with an aspartate aminotransferase of 145 U/L, alanine aminotransferase of 98 U/L, gamma-glutamyl transferase of 282 U/L, alkaline phosphatase of 199 U/L, and normal total bilirubin. Fevers persisted (temperature maximum 39.3°C) with tachycardia and fluid refractory hypotension. The rash also became purpuric, with areas of confluence progressing initially from the face to the trunk, upper and lower extremities including the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. Antibiotics were switched to IV ciprofloxacin and metronidazole without improvement. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis neither showed progression of perianal or ileal disease, nor pulmonary infiltrates consistent with COVID-19, but did reveal new findings of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly.

Infectious disease, rheumatology, dermatology, cardiology, and hematology were consulted on day 7. Differential diagnosis at the time included a drug hypersensitivity reaction, immune-mediated vasculitis, viral infection, atypical Kawasaki disease, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Repeat concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were rising (Table 1). Multidisciplinary discussion of potential therapeutic options included remdesivir, an antiviral therapy, and tocilizumab, an IL-6 inhibitor, for the treatment of COVID-19, IV immune globulin for the treatment of an immune-mediated vasculitis, and infliximab, an anti-TNF-α therapy. Infliximab would address the management of Crohn disease and potentially, the cytokine storm attributable to MIS-C associated with COVID-19. Given the possible dual role and rapid clinical deterioration, he received 10 mg/kg of infliximab on day 8 without additional studies such as an echocardiogram or skin biopsy. Within hours, fever, tachycardia, and hypotension resolved.

TABLE 1: Serum cytokine profile trend over time in response to treatment with infliximab on hospitalization day 8

Cytokines improved with normalization of TNF-α, a decrease in IL-6, and IL-8. The progression of the rash was halted after infliximab treatment on hospitalization day 8 and significantly improved by discharge (Fig. 1). C-reactive protein normalized. He was given a second infusion of infliximab 10 mg/kg before discharge, 5 days after the initial dose due to a high inflammatory burden and presence of active perianal disease. Prometheus infliximab concentration before the second infusion was >34 μg/mL without antibodies. Follow-up 2 weeks after discharge revealed complete resolution of clinical symptoms and normalization of all labs previously elevated.

FIGURE 1: Purpuric rash on the dorsum of the hand and antecubital-fossa before and after treatment with infliximab on hospitalization day 8. A, B The rash on the dorsum of the hand and antecubital fossa before infliximab treatment on hospitalization day 8. C, D, The improvement in his rash on day 13 before discharge.

DISCUSSION

This is the first reported case of a patient with recently diagnosed Crohn disease with suspected MIS-C temporally related to COVID-19 treated with infliximab to comanage both entities. Despite surgical management of his active perianal disease and antibiotic therapy, the patient continued to worsen clinically. His clinical deterioration was unclear, as both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and MIS-C temporally related to COVID-19 could be affected, with all other infectious studies negative.

Proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are overproduced in patients with IBD ⁽³⁾. Elevated levels of TNF-α, mean of 62.3 pg/mL, have been described in the intestinal mucosa of patients with IBD ⁽⁴⁾. Serum concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 (median 10.5 and 41.5 pg/mL, respectively) are also associated with severe COVID-19 illness ⁽⁵⁾. At the peak of our patient's illness, serum concentrations of TNF-α (97.8 pg/mL) and IL-6 (73.4 pg/mL) were higher than is reported in either IBD or severe COVID-19. Inflammatory disease overlap possibly contributed to cytokine storm and MIS-C. Cytokine storm has been found to be a major cause of morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 infection ^(1,5).

Treatment targeting these proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 inhibition with tocilizumab, have shown evidence of clinical benefit in subsets of severe COVID-19 patients ⁽⁶⁾. TNF-α is also implicated in severe COVID-19 cases. Blockade of TNF-α is effective in the treatment of autoinflammatory conditions in which several cytokines are elevated, suggesting anti-TNF-α therapy alone may inhibit a cytokine cascade ⁽⁷⁾. Currently, therapy targeting TNF-α has not been associated with negative outcomes in patients with IBD with COVID-19 ⁽⁸⁾. This case supports a role for blockade of TNF-α in the treatment of COVID-19 inflammatory cascade. Whether this is specific for immune dysfunction in the setting of IBD or the non-IBD COVID-19 patient requires further investigation.

Overall, increased TNF-α levels are seen in cytokine storm due to COVID-19 and in active IBD. Treatment with infliximab is known to be effective for the treatment of children with Crohn disease, and as evidenced by this case, was effectual in halting a systemic inflammatory response in our patient with COVID-19. The role of anti-TNF agents in patients with MIS-C temporally related to COVID-19 requires further investigation.