From the *Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
the †Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
the ‡Faculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
the §Research Program for Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
the ∥Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
the ¶Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
the #Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
the **Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Finland
the ††Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
the ‡‡Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
Received October 16, 2022; accepted January 11, 2023.
K.K. started as employee at BIOMILQ during writing the manuscript (unrelated to the present study). The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jpgn.org).
Clinical trial registration number: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01735123. Date of registration: November 24, 2012. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01735123
Source of Funding: This study was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (grant number 1DP3DK094338–01); the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in Molecular Systems Immunology and Physiology Research 2012–17 (grant 250114); Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (grant 2-SRA-2016–247-S-B); Sigrid Juselius Foundation; the Medical Research Funds, Tampere and Helsinki University Hospital; Juho Vainio Foundation; and the Finnish Concordia Fund. The study sponsors had no role in the design, analysis, or writing of this article.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Katariina Koivusaari, PhD Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]).
