From the *Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; †Discern Consulting, LLC, Baltimore, MD; ‡George D. Zuidema Professor of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; §Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA; ||Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; ¶Departments of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; **Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; ††Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; ‡‡Management, Vanderbilt University Owen Graduate School of Management, Nashville, TN; and §§Department of Medicine, University of California (UC) San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Correspondence: J. Matthew Austin, PhD, Instructor, Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 750 E. Pratt St, 15th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21202 (e-mail: [email protected]).
The authors disclose no conflict of interest.