*Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
†Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
‡Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
§Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
¶Department of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
∥Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
#Johns Hopkins Quality and Safety Research Group, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
**Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University School of Management, New Haven, CT
††Columbia University, New York, NY
‡‡Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
Competing Interests Declared: None.
*Correspondence address: Martin A Makary, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N Wolfe St, Carnegie 683, Baltimore, MD 21224.
Submitted August 8, 2006; revised October 4, 2006; accepted October 18, 2006.
