*Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;
†Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada;
‡Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;
§Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada;
║Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
¶University of California Davis Orthopedics.
Reprints: Daniel Pincus, MD, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College St, Room 508-A, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada (e-mail: d.pincus@utoronto.ca).
A. B. Nathens is the Director of the ACS Trauma Quality Improvement Program. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.
Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association, October 14, 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.jorthotrauma.com).
Accepted December 27, 2018
