Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering (Dr Carayon), Wisconsin Institute for Health System Engineering (WHISE) (Drs Hoonakker and Rutkowski and Mss Wust and Barton), School of Nursing (Dr Brown and Ms Krause), and Department of Emergency Medicine (Mss Buckley and Hankwitz), School of Medicine and Public Health (Mss Schwei, Green, Rabas, and Hoang and Drs Shah, Pulia, and Patterson), University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dr Dail); Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety (CRISS), Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Salwei); and Department of Health and Wellness Design, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington (Dr Werner).
Correspondence: Peter L. T. Hoonakker, PhD, Wisconsin Institute for Health System Engineering (WHISE), 3124 Engineering Centers Bldg, 1550 Engineering Dr, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 ([email protected]).
This research was supported by grant 5R18HS026624 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and grant 1UL1TR002373 from the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program, through the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). The project was also supported by the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health through Wisconsin Partnership Program funding to the Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Engineering and the Health Innovation Program. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of AHRQ and the NIH.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Accepted for publication: January 10, 2023
Early Access: February 24, 2023
