aPediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia
bCIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
cClinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
dDiabetes and Nutritional Science Division, Kings College, London
eCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
fCardiology Department, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
gDepartment of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
hDepartment of Medical Sciences and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
iDepartment of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
jCenter of Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
kDepartment of Medicine and Coordination Centre for Drug Development, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
lDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
mDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, University of Valencia
nINCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
oDivision of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
pDepartment of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
qDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
r1st Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokratio Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
sDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
tDivision of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
uIstituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, and Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiologia Clinica e ipertensione, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Correspondence to Empar Lurbe, Prof, MD, PhD, Pediatrics Department, Consorcio Hospital General, Universitario de Valencia, Avenida Tres Cruces s/n, Valencia 46014, Spain. Tel: +34 963 131 800; e-mail: [email protected]
Abbreviations: ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure measurement; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACTH, adeenocorticotropic hormone; ARB, AT1 blocker; BP, blood pressure; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CoA, coarctation of aorta; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; cPP, central pulse pressure; CS, Cushing syndrome; cSPB, central or aortic SBP; CT, computed tomography; CV, cardiovascular; DIH, drug-induced hypertension; DM1, type 1 diabetes; DM2, type 2 diabetes; EM, ethnic minorities; ENaC, epithelial sodium channel; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; ESCAPE, Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE Inhibition on Progression of Chronic Renal Failure in Pediatric Patients; ESH, European Society of Hypertension; ESRD, end stage renal disease; EU, European Union; FH-1,2,3, familial hyperaldosteronism type 1,2,3; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HTN, hypertension; HTNR, hypertensive retinopathy; ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MR, mineralocorticoid receptor; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; PRES, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; PUMA, pediatric use marketing authorization; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisim; SPRINT, SBP Intervention Trial; TOD, target organ damage; UAE, urinary albumin excretion; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
Received 8 June, 2016
Accepted 15 June, 2016
