Benefits of blood pressure reduction in diabetic patients

Abstract

Hypertension is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, increasing their risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Such patients are also at risk of renal impairment and end-stage renal disease. Long-term, tight blood pressure control (ideally to a target of <130/85 mmHg) in patients with type 2 diabetes is a highly effective strategy for reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications and is now embodied in the many guidelines of hypertension and diabetes management. More recent studies indicate that the choice of antihypertensive agent is also important. Drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, such as the angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs), may prevent the onset of diabetes and confer greater cardiovascular benefit among patients who already have this disease compared with some older antihypertensive agents. For example, in type 2 diabetic patients with renal dysfunction, ARBs exert a renal protective effect that extends beyond blood pressure reduction and may retard diabetic nephropathy. Antihypertensive therapy, together with lifestyle modification to address obesity and physical inactivity, can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. The challenge is to achieve beneficial, hygienic measures in populations with diverse backgrounds and improve compliance with proven treatments that inevitably involve multiple drugs. Combination therapies comprising agents that offer good tolerability and do not exacerbate existing metabolic disturbances, as well as demonstrating benefit in preventing events in diabetic patients beyond blood pressure reduction itself, seem a likely way forward.