Can 3-Phase Computed Tomography Urography Be Used to Characterize Adrenal Nodules? Results in 145 Patients

Abstract

Objective 

The aim of the study is to determine whether computed tomography (CT) urography (CTU) can characterize incidental adrenal nodules.

Methods 

This retrospective cohort study was performed at an academic medical center. Patients were identified by free text search of CTU reports that contained the terms “adrenal mass” “adrenal nodule” and “adrenal lesion.” Computed tomography urography technique consisted of unenhanced images and postcontrast images obtained at 100 seconds and 15 minutes. The final cohort included 145 patients with 151 adrenal nodules. Nodules were considered lipid-rich adenomas or myelolipomas based on unenhanced imaging characteristics. Absolute and relative washout values were calculated for the remaining nodules, using a cutoff of 60% and 40%, respectively, to diagnose adenomas. Reference standard for lipid-poor adenomas and malignant nodules was histopathology or imaging/clinical follow-up. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous variables, and Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables.

Results 

One hundred nodules were lipid-rich adenomas and 3 were myelolipomas. Forty-eight nodules were indeterminate at unenhanced CT, corresponding to 39 lipid-poor adenomas and 9 malignant nodules based on reference standards. Both absolute and relative washout correctly characterized 71% of nodules (34/48), with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 89%. Overall, 91% of all adrenal nodules (137/151) were correctly characterized by CTU alone. Lipid-poor adenomas were smaller than malignant nodules (P < 0.01) and were lower in attenuation on unenhanced and delayed images (P < 0.01).

Conclusions 

Adrenal nodules detected at 3-phase CTU can be accurately characterized, potentially eliminating the need for subsequent adrenal protocol CT or magnetic resonance imaging.