Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new and devastating disease with renal involvement that deserves an intense and collaborative research effort. Golmai et al.1 make use of classic autopsy with the modern modification of postmortem, fine-needle kidney biopsy. Autopsy was originally developed to investigate macroscopic, light-microscopic, postmortem, anatomic and histologic changes associated with disease. Standard autopsy is mildly time sensitive, with autolysis developing several hours after death. However, new developments in pathophysiologic diagnostics—protein, RNA, and DNA analyses—require faster sample handling and careful sample storage to prevent postmortem effects. Golmai et al.1 do not describe how long after death biopsies were performed, but state the majority of samples show signs of autolysis. This precludes protein, RNA, and most DNA analyses because we would be observing mostly postmortem effects. Similar to sepsis, COVID-19 microscopic changes in the kidney are limited, with most studies showing some acute tubular necrosis, which cannot fully explain AKI. A large proportion of renal failure in patients with COVID-19 and those with sepsis seems to be attributed to functional defects without major histologic changes. Therefore, modern protein and nucleic-acid techniques might shed some light on the underlying mechanisms driving renal failure. We have shown that kidney biopsies can be performed at the bedside within 1 hour after death, and that gene expression analyses are feasible.2,3 Mortality of patients with COVID-19 was shown to be higher in patients with AKI.4 Yet, the mechanisms driving renal failure in patients with COVID-19 still remain largely unknown. Therefore, we plead for more studies to investigate postmortem renal biopsy specimens taken rapidly after death to enable the use of modern molecular diagnostics, together with classic autopsy, to investigate mechanisms of AKI induced by COVID-19.
Disclosures
All authors have nothing to disclose.
Funding
None.
References
1. Golmai P, Larsen CP, DeVita MV, Wahl SJ, Weins A, Rennke HG, et al.: Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings in postmortem
kidney biopsy material in 12 patients with
AKI and
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2. Aslan A, Jongman RM, Moser J, Stegeman CA, van Goor H, Diepstra A, et al.: The renal angiopoietin/Tie2 system in lethal human sepsis. Crit Care 18: 423, 201424976393
3. Jou-Valencia D, Koeze J, Popa ER, Aslan A, Zwiers PJ, Molema G, et al.: Heterogenous renal injury biomarker production reveals human sepsis-associated acute kidney injury subtypes. Crit Care Explor 1: e0047, 201932166228
4. Pei G, Zhang Z, Peng J, Liu L, Zhang C, Yu C, et al.: Renal involvement and early prognosis in patients with
COVID-19 pneumonia. J Am Soc Nephrol 31: 1157–1165, 202032345702
