In hospitalized patients, AKI is associated with increased risk of both short- and long-term adverse outcomes, including death and end stage kidney disease.1 – 7 kidney injury in an attempt to complement and augment the diagnostic abilities of current measures of kidney function.8 9 , 10 mortality .1
We have recently published the results of a prospective, observational international investigation (the Sapphire study) of tissue inhibitor metalloprotease-2 (TIMP-2) and IGF-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7; both markers of G1 cell cycle arrest) in the setting of critical illness.10 mortality and/or the receipt of RRT. Documenting the relationship between markers of kidney injury and long-term outcomes is important for understanding the biology of these markers. Similarly, understanding whether the apparent hazard detected by the markers is dependent on AKI or simply related to underlying severity of illness is crucial to interpreting the specificity of the signal.
Results
In total, 744 subjects were enrolled in the original Sapphire study, and for this analysis, 52 subjects were excluded as described in Figure 1 . The median (interquartile range) time from ICU arrival to collection of the first samples was 16 (7–21) hours. At least 3 months of follow-up data were available for 639 (92.3%) patients, and full 9-month outcome was known for 552 (79.8% of the initial cohort) patients, with 217 (39.3% of those with complete follow-up) patients meeting the primary end point of death or dialysis. Table 1 describes the demographic and outcomes data of those who did and did not meet the composite end point of death or receipt of RRT during the 9-month follow-up period. Compared with those who did not meet the composite end point, those who died or received RRT were older (P <0.001) and had higher prevalence of pre-enrollment CKD (P =0.005). Subjects who met the composite end point were more likely to be admitted to the ICU for respiratory reasons (P <0.001) and less likely to have had a surgical procedure (P <0.001) or recent trauma (P =0.05). End point-positive patients had higher enrollment serum creatinine (P =0.001) and severity of illness scores (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] and nonrenal APACHE III; P <0.001). AKI within 72 hours of study enrollment was more common in subjects who developed the composite end point (69% versus 49%; P <0.001). Additionally, those meeting the composite end point had longer length of stay in the ICU (P <0.001) (Table 1 ). Over 42% of those meeting the composite end point did so after hospital discharge (or day 30).
Figure 1: Flow diagram showing patient recruitment, enrollment and long-term outcomes in the Sapphire study.
a The Sapphire study enrolled patients not known to have moderate or severe AKI (744 patients),
10 but 31 enrolled patients were found to have already met criteria for moderate or severe AKI (unbeknownst to investigators) at the time of enrollment, leaving 692 subjects from the original Sapphire study eligible for the primary analysis.
b In total, 140 of 475 patients in the neither death nor dialysis group did not have complete 9-month follow-up and were censored at the time of their last contact. Of these 140 subjects, 87 (62.1%) patients were known to be alive and free of dialysis at 3 months, and 115 (82.1%) patients were known to be alive and free of dialysis at 1 month.
c KDIGO stage 1 or higher AKI within 72 hours after urine sample collection. The proportion of patients with AKI was higher (
P <0.001) in the cohort with the death or dialysis end point (69% AKI) than in the cohort without the end point (49% AKI). Serum creatinine samples collected at the same time as urinary [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] samples were available for 683 patients.
Table 1: Baseline patient characteristics and outcomes
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses Showed Strong Associations between [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] and the Composite End Point
The association between [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] and the composite end point was significant when [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] was analyzed as a continuous variable; each unit increase in log10 -transformed [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] increased risk by 49% (P <0.001). This association was also significant when analyzing [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] as a categorical variable (Table 2 ). Table 2 also shows univariate hazard ratios (HRs) for clinical variables shown to be significant in Table 1 .
Table 2: Unadjusted HRs for the development of death or dialysis within 9 months from univariate Cox proportional hazards models
[TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] along with all variables found to be significant in Table 1 (with the exception of outcomes) are shown in a multivariate Cox model (Table 3 ).
Table 3: Adjusted HRs for death or dialysis within 9 months from a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model
We explored the association between a history of CKD and [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7]. In an unadjusted analysis investigating [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] levels as a continuous variable in those with a history of CKD (n =60), [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of the 9-month composite outcome (HR, 4.24; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.12 to 8.49; P <0.001). To a lesser degree, continuous [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] levels were associated with an increased risk of the end point in those without a history of CKD (n =632; HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.80; P =0.008).
Separately, we found significant interactions between AKI and two covariates: [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] and serum creatinine (P <0.05). As such, the adjusted HRs for [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] and serum creatinine were calculated separately for groups with and without AKI (Table 3 ).
In those subjects with AKI, [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] and serum creatinine remained significantly associated with long-term risk of death or RRT after adjusting for the model covariates. [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] values in those with AKI displayed a stepwise increase in its association with the composite end points. Compared with those with AKI and a [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] value<0.3, those with a [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] value>0.3 or <2.0 had a significantly increased risk of death or dialysis (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.06; P =0.05), whereas [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] values>2.0 in those with AKI were at an even higher risk (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.32 to 3.53; P =0.002). Importantly, in those without AKI in the first 72 hours, neither [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] nor serum creatinine was significantly associated with increased risk of death or RRT (Table 3 ).
Although our analysis was not intended to show that [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] should be used to predict long-term outcomes, we examined C -statistic improvement and reclassification for detection of death or dialysis events. The C statistic for the clinical model (Table 3 ) was not significantly improved with the addition of [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] (P =0.08). However, the addition of [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] to the clinical model led to a significant increase in risk stratification (total net reclassification index [NRI]=0.25; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.40; P =0.001). The majority of this effect came from those with death or dialysis events (NRIevent =0.23; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.36; P <0.001), whereas the NRInonevent was 0.02 (95% CI, −0.08 to 0.11; P =0.38). Similarly, the total integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) was significant at 0.02 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03; P <0.001). Both IDIevent and IDInonevent were significant, with estimates of 0.01 (95% CI, 0.00 to 0.02; P =0.02) and 0.01 (95% CI, 0.00 to 0.01; P =0.001), respectively.
Risk of Death or Dialysis Increased at Increasing Biomarker Cutoffs in Those with AKI
Kaplan–Meier curves for the composite end point are shown in Figure 2 . Given the interaction between AKI and [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7], we stratified those with AKI according to the previously established cutoffs9 ⋅ [IGFBP7] concentration). At 9 months, the risk of death or dialysis increased significantly across these strata (P <0.001), with 43% of those meeting the composite end point doing so after their index hospitalization (Figure 2 ). Given the subjective nature of the initiation of RRT, we performed an identical analysis after removing all subjects who received RRT during the first 30 days after study enrollment (Supplemental Figure 1). After removing those with in-hospital RRT, [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7]>2.0 remained significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse patient outcomes (9 months; log-rank P <0.001).
Figure 2: Kaplan–Meier curves for death or dialysis within 9 months after study enrollment. Cumulative death or dialysis within 9 months (within 30 days is shown in inset) for patients without AKI (no AKI; solid line, n =310) and patients with AKI (KDIGO stage 1 or higher AKI within 72 hours after urine [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] sample collection) with urinary [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] ranges of ≤0.3 (long dash line), >0.3 to ≤2.0 (short dash line), and >2.0 (short-long dash; n =178, n =160, and n =44 patients, respectively). For both 9 months and 30 days, log-rank P <0.001. The non-AKI cohort is not categorized by urinary [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7], because urinary [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] was not significant in Cox analysis of this cohort.
Discussion
Our results show that [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] tested in a large international prospective observational study and measured early in the setting of critical illness was associated with the 9-month composite outcome of all-cause mortality or receipt of RRT. This finding builds on the growing literature linking novel biomarkers of AKI with long-term outcomes subsequent to the seminal hospitalization for AKI.1 , 11
[TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] has been shown to predict the impending development of severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2/3), providing an area under the curve of 0.80–0.82.9 , 10 et al. 12 mortality , renal recovery, and severity/duration of AKI in a smaller cohort of critically ill adults. These biomarkers have been shown to be involved in a diverse array of biologic processes, including apoptosis/cellular senescence,13 – 15 16 17 18 – 22 18 – 22 23 – 25 26 , 27 26 17 18 , 19 , 28 , 29
Recently, Coca et al. 1 mortality . In their follow-up of 1199 adults from the Translational Research Investigating Biomarker Endpoints in Acute Kidney Injury (TRIBE-AKI) cohort, Coca et al. 1 kidney injury molecule-1, liver fatty acid binding protein, and urine albumin were all associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality in those subjects who developed postoperative AKI. This effect remained significant for kidney injury molecule-1 and interleukin-18 in those in the TRIBE cohort without AKI. In our study, [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] measured in the setting of critical illness similarly correlated with long-term outcomes; however, our subgroup analyses clearly show that the signal detected by [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] is highly specific to AKI (Table 3 ).
Importantly, in this analysis, we examined the relationship between [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] and long-term outcomes in the presence or absence of any AKI (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes [KDIGO] stage 1 or greater) within 72 hours. In the setting of even mild AKI (KDIGO stage 1; over 34% of our total cohort), elevated [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] is a signal for poor prognosis. It also suggests that not all cases of mild AKI are benign and that these markers seem to be detecting a biologically important signal, even when it only manifests acutely as mild functional change. Our analyses also show that, in the absence of any functional changes in glomerular filtration measured by a change in either serum creatinine or urine output, [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] is not associated with adverse outcomes, thus supporting the specificity of [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] for AKI.
In addition to being specific to the setting of critical illness-associated AKI, we show that [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] remains significantly associated with the composite end point after accounting for serum creatinine. In our multivariate Cox proportional model, which was adjusted for serum creatinine, [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] concentrations in those who developed KDIGO AKI were associated with a 44% ([TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7]=0.3–2.0) or 116% ([TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7]>2.0) increased risk of death or dialysis, respectively, in the 9-month follow-up (Table 3 ). Importantly, neither serum creatinine nor [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] was associated with adverse outcomes in those without AKI; thus, the [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] improvement in clinical risk assessment was specific to AKI. This improvement was further evidenced by NRIevent (0.23; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.36; P <0.001) and IDIevent (0.01; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.02; P =0.02), both of which remained significant after adjusting for the clinical model that contained serum creatinine.
Increasingly, researchers are attempting to enroll subjects into AKI therapeutic trials30
Our study has a number of strengths. Biomarkers assays were all performed as part of a large international multicenter observational investigation. Investigators were blinded with respect to the biomarker results and remained blinded throughout the follow-up period. We used standardized internationally accepted definitions of AKI (KDIGO)31 kidney distress and long-term adverse outcomes is caused by important underlying renal biology.
In summary, [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] was strongly associated with a composite end point of death or need for dialysis over the ensuing 9 months. This finding further substantiates a biologic link between these markers and clinical disease. Furthermore, given this association, routine measurement of these biomarkers may help to identify a population of patients in the ICU who are at highest risk for adverse outcomes. Improving risk prediction may facilitate participation in AKI trials, improve patient care in the setting of critical illness, and guide patient decision making and counseling with regard to treatment plans.
Concise Methods
Subjects
The original Sapphire study has been described in detail elsewhere.10 n =31). All [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] concentrations were measured at the time of study enrollment. The reporting of this study follows guidelines set out in the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. The Sapphire study was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board (Olympia, WA) as well as individual investigational review boards/ethics committees as required by each participating institution. All subjects (or legally authorized representatives) provided written informed consent.
Sample and Data Collection
Paired urine and blood samples were collected by standard methods at the time of study enrollment and centrifuged. Urine supernatants and serum were frozen within 2 hours of collection, stored at ≤−70°C, and thawed immediately before analysis. All clinical data, including patient demographics, reason for ICU admission, prior health history, serum creatinine, and hourly urine output, were collected and stored in a password-protected dataset residing on servers at independent sites (Medidata Solutions, New York, NY).
Clinical End Points
The primary end point of death or dialysis was determined from hospital records or for patients discharged alive and not on dialysis, telephone calls to the subject or family members at approximately 1, 3, and 9 months after enrollment. If the subject was determined to have died or been on dialysis at the time of telephone assessment, the date of death or dialysis was recorded if known. If not known (11 subjects), the date was approximated as the midpoint between the last known alive/dialysis-free date and the date of assessment. Three attempts, including a written letter, were made to contact subjects or family members at each assessment time. If subject vital status could not be ascertained after three attempts, the subject status was classified as no death or dialysis, and the subject was censored in the analysis after the last date of known vital status. AKI status during the first 72 hours after enrollment was classified using the KDIGO international guidelines on the basis of serum creatinine and urine output.31 10
Laboratory Methods
As previously described, urinary TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 were analyzed by technicians blinded to clinical data using a clinical immunoassay (NEPHROCHECK Test and ASTUTE140 Meter; Astute Medical Inc., San Diego, CA) at Astute Medical Inc.9 2 /1000 (the units for all [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] test values in this report). Serum creatinine for adjustment of [TIMP-2]⋅[IGFBP7] in multivariate models was measured at a central laboratory (LabCorp, San Diego, CA) in serum samples collected at the same time as the urine samples. eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.32
Statistical Methods
The association of [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] with the primary end point of death or dialysis was investigated in several ways. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine the HR for [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] in a univariate model and then, a multivariate model adjusted for the clinical variables shown in Table 1 that have P <0.05. These covariates included in the multivariate Cox model are time-paired log2 -transformed serum creatinine, AKI (defined as KDIGO AKI stage 1 or higher within 72 hours of enrollment), history of CKD, reason of ICU admission (respiratory, surgical, or trauma), an interaction term between [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7] and AKI, and an interaction term between log2 -transformed serum creatinine and AKI. Because age and nonrenal APACHE III score violated the proportional hazards assumption (P <0.01; cox.zph function from the survival package in R), the Cox model was stratified by them. Specifically, they were dichotomized by their medians and combined into a new variable with four categories, and the Cox model was stratified by this new variable.
We also developed a clinical Cox model using the same predictors as in the multivariate model above but leaving out [TIMP-2]⋅ [IGFBP7]. To assess the improvement in the risk prediction performance of the full model over the clinical model, we calculated NRI, IDI, and improvement in Harrell C statistic, accounting for censoring in survival data.33 , 34
Statistical analyses were performed using R 3.0.0.35 P values were determined for the data in Table 1 and all HRs. One-sided P values were determined for C statistic, NRI, and IDI analyses. For all analyses, two-sided P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant unless otherwise noted. For one-sided P values, P value=0.025 was considered statistically significant.
Disclosures
J.L.K., A.D.S., L.S.C., and J.A.K. have received consulting fees and research funding from Astute Medical Inc. E.A.J.H., M.H., and J.S. have received consulting fees from Astute Medical Inc. A.B. and K.K. have received research funding from Astute Medical Inc. J.A.K. also reports licensing of unrelated technologies through the University of Pittsburgh to Astute Medical Inc.
We thank all of the patients, staff, coordinators, and investigators who were essential to the completion of this study.
The study was supported by Astute Medical Inc.
Sapphire study sites were paid on the basis of patient enrollment and data entry. The study sponsor (Astute Medical Inc.) was primarily responsible for trial design, data collection, data analysis, and data interpretation with assistance from the investigators (J.L.K., A.B., and J.A.K.) and the independent biostatistician (J.S.).
A complete list of Sapphire investigators and their study/support staff is provided online at http://www.ccm.pitt.edu/sapphire-investigators
Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.jasn.org
See related editorial, “Urinary Biomarkers: Alone Are They Enough?,” on pages 1485–1488.
This article contains supplemental material online at http://jasn.asnjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1681/ASN.2014060556/-/DCSupplemental
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