From the ∗Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
†NuvOx Pharma, Tucson, AZ
‡Comparative Medicine, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Received for publication March 11, 2020; and accepted for publication, after revision, May 1, 2020.
Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: I.D., E.J.M., E.R.M., and E.C.U. are employed with NuvOx Pharma. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. This study was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute (grant number: R41 CA203090) to Stanford University and NuvOx Pharma.
Authors' contribution: R.B. wrote the manuscript, analyzed/organized the data, characterized the single-chain variable fragment, prepared the contrast agent, and performed human/mouse tissue immunofluorescence staining and in vivo imaging studies. I.D. assisted in writing, analyzed/organized the data, and developed and performed contrast agent synthesis and conjugation. L.A.-E. analyzed the data as well as performed flow chamber assay and in vivo tumor imaging studies. J.G.V.-M. analyzed the hematoxylin and eosin stain staining of tissue sections. E.J.M. provided experimental advice, edited the manuscript, and facilitated the production of pharmaceutical-grade single-chain variable fragment. E.M. provided advice on contrast agent synthesis. E.C.U. and S.S.G. advised on the clinical aspects of US molecular imaging. R.P. provided experimental advice as well as designed and supervised the studies.
Correspondence to: Ramasamy Paulmurugan, PhD, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, 3155 Porter Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304. E-mail: paulmur8@stanford.edu.
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