1Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
3Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow Clinic and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
4J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
5Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, St. Luc University Hospital, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
6Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
7Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
Abbreviations: ALD, alcohol-associated liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AUD, alcohol use disorder; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; INR, international normalized ratio; LSM, liver stiffness measurement; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.
Correspondence Bernd Schnabl, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Email [email protected]
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