Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, and the Radboud REshape Innovation Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Environmental Research Group, King's College, London, United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore; the Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, and the Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Pharmacy (Centre IMAGe), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine and Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; the Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Department of Health Science, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; the Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venlo, the Netherlands; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, and the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; the School of Public Health and the Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; the Elisabeth TweeSteden Hospital (ETZ), Tilburg, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Public Health Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the PharmacoEpidemiology & Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, and the Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; the Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; the University of York, York, United Kingdom; the Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey; the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, and the South African Medical Research Council, Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa; the Charles Perrens Hospital and the Bordeaux Population Health Center, INSERM 1219, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; the “Alexandra” General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; the Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the STIS and Clinical Pharmacology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; the Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, and the Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Corresponding author: Marleen M.H.J. van Gelder, PhD, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; email: [email protected].
This research was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) Programme Rational Pharmacotherapy (grant number 836011020). The funder played no role in the design of the study, analysis or interpretation of findings, or drafting the manuscript and did not review or approve the manuscript prior to submission. Janet L. Peacock is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK. Henning Tiemeier was supported by the Dutch Medical Research Council (NWO grant 016 VICI.170.200). The work of Shahirose S. Premji and Kiran Shaikh was funded by Alberta Center for Child, Family and Community Research and the Aga Khan University School of Nursing Student Fund.
Financial Disclosure Hanan El Marroun disclosed that she received a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant 27853 from the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. Money was paid to her institution under grant agreement 733206 (LifeCycle) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program and from Erasmus University Rotterdam Fellowship 2014. They also disclosed receiving funding from Stichting Volksbond Rotterdam, ongoing, paid to the institution. Frank M.M.A. van der Heijden disclosed receiving funding from Janssen-Cilag, and Recordati. J. Jo Kim disclosed their institution received funding from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and the National Institute of Mental Health. Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen received funding from the Academy of Finland. Dawn Misra disclosed receiving funding from the NIH. Kate E. Pickett disclosed that money was paid to her institution from UKRI and Wellcome Trust. Henning Tiemeier disclosed money was paid to their institution from the Dutch Research Medical Council. Heather J. Zar disclosed that money was paid to her institution from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the SA MRC. The other authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest.
The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the department of health.
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