From the aDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
bDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
cDivision of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
dDepartment of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
eDepartment of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Editor’s Note: A related article is found on p. 46.
Submitted July 25, 2019; accepted September 9, 2020
C.N.M. had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Statistical code used for these analyses are available in the Supplemental Digital Content (SDC) for this paper. CDC Compressed Mortality Data are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by restricted access agreement.
This study was supported, in part, by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K01AA026327.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).
Correspondence: Christopher N. Morrison, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032. E-mail: [email protected].
