From the aKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA
bDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
cCenter for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
dDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
eUrban Form Lab, Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
fCenter for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Submitted August 30, 2021; accepted May 9, 2022
This work was supported by grant R01 DK114196 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and grant R00 LM012868 from the National Library of Medicine.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
The data are not available for replication because of identifiability/privacy issues related to spatial geolocation. The computing code may be requested from corresponding author on reasonable request.
Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).
Correspondence: Maricela Cruz, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Avenue, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA, 98101. E-mail: [email protected]
