From the aInserm, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nemesis Team, Paris, France; bSorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nemesis Team, Paris, France; cDepartment of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; dUMR Géographie-Cités, CNRS, Paris, France; eDepartment of Urban Design and Planning, Urban Form Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; fDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health & Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and gDepartment of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Editor’s Note: A commentary on this article appears on p. 798.
Submitted 18 June 2016; accepted 25 July 2017.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Supported by INPES (National Institute for Prevention and Health Education); the Ministry of Ecology (DGITM); Cerema (Centre for the Study of and Expertise on Risks, the Environment, Mobility, and Planning); ARS (Health Regional Agency) of Ile-de-France; STIF (Ile-de-France Transportation Authority); the Ile-de-France Regional Council; RATP (Paris Public Transportation Operator); and DRIEA (Regional and Interdepartmental Direction of Equipment and Planning) of Ile-de-France.
The code used for processing and analyzing the data is available from the first author upon request. The data are also available upon request, through a collaboration agreement.
Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).
Correspondence: Basile Chaix, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France. E-mail: [email protected].
