Cannabinoid receptors in the kidney

Abstract

Purpose of review 

The endocannabinoid system modulates cell signaling targets that are essential for energy homeostasis. Endocannabinoids bind to G protein-coupled receptors in the central nervous system and periphery, including the kidney. Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB₁) and CB₂ activity in the kidney in diabetes and obesity has been identified as potential therapeutic target to reduce albuminuria and renal fibrosis. This review will highlight the results of recent studies that have identified a role for CB₁ and CB₂ in normal and pathological renal conditions.

Recent findings 

CB₁ and CB₂ have been reported to play key roles in renal function and dysfunction. Recent studies have determined that antagonism of CB₁ and agonism of CB₂ in diabetic nephropathy and obesity associated kidney disease can reduce albuminuria, potentially by acting on both the glomeruli and tubules. Emerging studies have also identified a role for CB₁ in renal diseases associated with fibrosis, with CB₁ upregulated in multiple models of human nephropathies.

Summary 

Emerging studies using isolated cells, rodent models, and human studies have identified a critical role for the endocannabinoid system in renal function and disease. Thus, therapeutics that modulate the activity of CB₁ and CB₂ in renal disease could become clinically relevant.