Introduction
The adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare, multisystem auto-inflammatory disease with four major clinical manifestations: high fever, transient rash, arthralgia, and hyperleukemia with neutrophils ≥80%.[1] The diagnosis and the accurate assessment of the disease activity for AOSD are difficult due to the absence of disease-specific clinical manifestations and biomarkers.[2,3] An early diagnosis may improve the prognosis, and there is also an urgent need for a better understanding of this complicated disease.[4] Although the etiology of AOSD is unclear, some elements of evidence have been recently reported demonstrating an increase in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in AOSD patients.[5,6] The NETs, including the chromatin filaments, are one of the reticular structures released by the neutrophils in an inflammatory response due to the infection or the non-infectious factors.[7,8]
The human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL), a protein belonging to the lipocalin family, was first discovered in and purified from human neutrophils.[9-11] It is a pre-formed molecule stored in the secondary (specific) particles of the neutrophils, which can be released easily by the cells upon activation.[10] Increasing attention has been drawn to the investigation of the generation of HNL by the epithelial cells, as the generation of HNL by the renal tubular epithelial cells is triggered by a process that affects renal function.[12,13]. There are the monomeric (24,000) and heterodimeric (>90,000) molecular forms present in the neutrophils, but the molecular forms purified from neutrophils are mainly in a homodimer form with a molecular weight of 45,000 Da.[10,14]. The homodimer molecular form appears to be specific for the neutrophils, whereas only the monomeric form is generated by the epithelial cells. The differences between the antibodies against the two molecular forms have been explored to investigate whether the HNL is originated from the neutrophils or the epithelial cells.[14,15] Although HNL has been demonstrated to bind to the siderophores and there is an anti-bacterial property for HNL, the actual biological function of HNL is still unclear.[16]
As shown in the previous studies, the use of HNL to distinguish the viral infection from the bacterial infection performs well, and there is a high potential for HNL to become a clinical biomarker.[10,17,18] The elevated serum HNL was observed in a group of Sjögren's syndrome patients complicated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness.[19] Similarly, there were high HNL levels in the synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.[20] However, HNL has rarely been evaluated in the AOSD patients who are characterized as the neutrophil activation. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression of serum HNL in the AOSD patients and to evaluate the correlation of the HNL with the clinical manifestations and the disease activity.
Methods
Ethical approval
The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Peking University People's Hospital (No. 2014PHB116-01). All patients signed an informed written consent form.
Subjects
A total of 129 AOSD patients aged ≥18 years were recruited from 2003 to 2019, who were diagnosed according to the Yamaguchi criteria.[21] The cause of infection was confirmed for all of the patients under infection with the serological, microbiological, and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. From these patients, the medical history, clinical manifestations, and the laboratory parameters were collected, whereas the serum samples were collected from all the study participants. The sera from 40 healthy volunteers were recruited from the blood donors to serve as controls. All of the sera were kept in a freezer maintained at −80°C.
Systemic score, demographic information, clinical manifestations, and laboratory parameters
A systemic score was used for the evaluation, which was proposed by Pouchot et al[22] in 1991 and demonstrated to show a significant correlation with the mortality. One point will be assigned to each of the following manifestations, respectively, during the system score index ranking (range: 0–12): fever, evanescent rash, pharyngalgia, myalgia, abdominal pain, leukocytosis ≥15,000/mm3, lymphadenopathy, liver involvement (abnormal liver function tests or hepatomegaly), splenomegaly, pneumonia, pleuritis, and pericarditis. A standardized form was used to collect the following demographic information: gender, age, disease duration, age when diagnosed, and the previous history or family history of rheumatic disease. The clinical manifestations, including the systemic score and the arthralgia for the AOSD patients, were collected from the medical records. The hematology tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin, serum interleukin-18 (IL-18), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), fibrinogen (FIB), and serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, IgM, complement 3 (C3), and complement 4 (C4) was done for the patients group. The serum HNL level in the AOSD patients was compared with that in the healthy controls (HCs) in the statistical analysis, where the HNL positive cutoff value was established based on the HNL results from the HCs. An analysis on the demographic information, clinical manifestations, and laboratory test results from the AOSD patients was completed for the patient group.
HNL and IL-18 concentrations
A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Changchun Bode Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changchun, Jilin, China) was used to perform the serum HNL test according to the manufacturer's instructions and a sandwich ELISA (Beijing FM Bioscience Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) method was used to perform the serum IL-18 concentration test according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was carried out with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The ratios and the means are shown for the descriptive data for the patients and HCs, respectively. A Student's t test or a non-parametric test was performed for the continuous data, where the frequencies were compared with the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. The data in a normal distribution are expressed as a mean ± standard deviation (SD). The Pearson or Spearman's correlation test was performed to evaluate the correlation between the serum HNL and disease-related variables. The mean ± 3SD and the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to define the grouping cutoff between different patient groups. The multivariate analysis was then used to compare variables with a P value <0.05 in the single-variable analysis. P < 0.05 will be used to ascertain the statistical significance in all of the statistical analyses, with a two-tailed test.
Results
Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory test results, and drugs used in patients and HCs
A total of 129 AOSD patients including 93 (72.1%) females and 36 (27.9%) males were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 37.2 ± 17.0 years (age range: 15.0–79.0 years), among whom 99 patients suffered from AOSD only, and 30 AOSD patients were under infections (17 with bacterial infections, five with viral infections, one with mycoplasma, and seven with unclassified infections). A total of 40 HCs with a mean age of 34.9 ± 9.4 years (range: 22.0–59.0 years) and a female/male ratio of 33/7 were recruited from the blood donors. The mean age and female/male ratio between the patients and the HCs were similar with P values of 0.485 and 0.319, respectively.
The multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effect of age, gender, and HNL level on AOSD. As shown by the multivariate logistic regression in which the age, gender and HNL were included, the HNL levels were associated with AOSD, and the risk of AOSD was increased by 2.8% with the increase of one HNL unit (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 1.015, 1.040). The demographic and clinical characteristics and laboratory test results in patients from the two groups are demonstrated in Table 1. Drugs used in patients with AOSD only and in the AOSD patients with an infection are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 -
Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of AOSD patients.
| Characteristics |
AOSD without infections (n = 99) |
AOSD with infections (n = 30) |
Statistical values |
P values |
| Age (years) |
36.3 ± 15.9 |
38.2 ± 14.9 |
0.564∗
|
0.524 |
| Female/male |
70/29 |
23/7 |
0.406†
|
0.863 |
| Disease duration (years) |
1.5 ± 2.0 |
3.2 ± 5.8 |
1.659∗
|
0.010 |
| Clinical data, % (n/N) |
|
|
|
|
| Fever |
42.4 (42/99) |
53.3 (16/30) |
1.107†
|
0.200 |
| Evanescent rash |
60.6 (60/99) |
63.3 (19/30) |
0.135†
|
0.714 |
| Pleuritis |
5.1 (5/99) |
33.3 (10/30) |
17.922†
|
<0.001 |
| Pneumonia |
1.0 (1/99) |
31.0 (9/29) |
23.108†
|
<0.001 |
| Pericarditis |
8.1 (8/99) |
13.3 (4/30) |
0.753†
|
0.386 |
| Liver involvement |
46.4 (46/99) |
66.7 (20/30) |
1.616†
|
0.204 |
| Splenomegaly |
41.4 (41/99) |
46.7 (14/30) |
0.260†
|
0.610 |
| Lymphadenopathy |
46.5 (46/99) |
43.3 (13/30) |
0.091†
|
0.763 |
| Leukocytosis ≥15,000/mm3
|
32.3 (32/99) |
26.7 (8/30) |
0.344†
|
0.557 |
| Sore throat (%) |
42.4 (42/99) |
50.0 (15/30) |
0.536†
|
0.464 |
| Myalgia (%) |
23.2 (23/99) |
33.3 (10/30) |
1.234†
|
0.267 |
| Abdominal pain (%) |
2.0 (2/99) |
6.7 (2/30) |
1.654†
|
0.198 |
| Arthritis (%) |
62.6 (62/99) |
53.3 (16/30) |
0.832†
|
0.362 |
| Laboratory findings |
|
|
|
|
| WBC (×109/L) |
12.98 ± 0.53 (n = 99) |
13.07 ± 8.93 (n = 30) |
0.069∗
|
0.945 |
| NE (×109/L) |
9.21 (6.71, 12.97) (n = 97) |
9.20 (4.81, 13.41) (n = 29) |
0.580‡
|
0.562 |
| Hb (g/L) |
109.41 ± 18.63 (n = 99) |
103.26 ± 18.67 (n = 30) |
1.584∗
|
0.116 |
| PLT (×109/L) |
286.94 ± 107.82 (n = 99) |
247.66 ± 109.92 (n = 30) |
1.740∗
|
0.084 |
| ALT (U/L) |
27.00 (13.00, 56.00) (n = 99) |
37.00 (17.50, 88.75) (n = 30) |
1.422‡
|
0.109 |
| AST (U/L) |
32.00 (18.00, 61.00) (n = 99) |
34.00 (18.75, 87.25) (n = 30) |
0.817‡
|
0.414 |
| ESR (mm/1h) |
64.82 ± 3.91 (n = 90) |
70.42 ± 36.77 (n = 26) |
0.679∗
|
0.498 |
| CRP (mg/L) |
70.25 (19.18, 110.75) (n = 94) |
73.85 (30.70, 129.75) (n = 28) |
0.904‡
|
0.366 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) |
1792.00 (570.30, 5429.00) (n = 95) |
2000.00 (646.05, 5742.75) (n = 30) |
0.561‡
|
0.575 |
| IgA (g/L) |
2.62 (1.80, 3.48) (n = 89) |
2.28 (1.94, 3.24) (n = 27) |
0.614‡
|
0.539 |
| IgG (g/L) |
12.90 (10.55, 16.15) (n = 89) |
13.02 (10.70, 15.30) (n = 27) |
0.088‡
|
0.930 |
| IgM (g/L) |
1.26 (0.88, 1.80) (n = 89) |
1.04 (0.88, 1.74) (n = 27) |
0.425‡
|
0.671 |
| C3 (g/L) |
1.30 ± 0.34 (n = 89) |
1.33 ± 0.36 (n = 27) |
0.317∗
|
0.752 |
| C4 (g/L) |
0.26 ± 0.07 (n = 89) |
0.27 ± 0.08 (n = 27) |
0.657∗
|
0.512 |
| HNL (ng/mL) |
139.76 ± 8.99 (n = 99) |
162.89 ± 123.66 (n = 30) |
0.952∗
|
0.261 |
ALT: Glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; AST: Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase; C3: Complement 3; C4: Complement 4; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FIB: Fibrinogen; Hb: Hemoglobin; HNL: Human neutrophil lipocalin; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NE: Neutrophil; PLT: Platelet; WBC: White blood cell. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, percentage (n/n) or median (P25, P75).
∗t values.
†χ2 values.
‡Z values.
Table 2 -
Medication for AOSD patients (
n).
| Medication |
AOSD without infections (n = 99) |
AOSD with infections (n = 30) |
| Steroid dose |
|
|
| ≥1.0 mg/kg |
38 |
4 |
| 0.5 – <1.0 mg/kg |
17 |
7 |
| 0.25 – <0.5 mg/kg |
4 |
5 |
| <0.25 mg/kg |
2 |
4 |
| 0 mg/kg |
38 |
10 |
| DMARDs |
|
|
| MTX |
22 |
4 |
| HCQ |
9 |
1 |
| CTX |
5 |
0 |
| LEF |
2 |
2 |
| SASP |
2 |
0 |
| Biological agents |
2∗
|
0 |
AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; CTX: Cyclophosphamide; DMARD: Disease modifying antirheumatic drug; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine; LEF: Leflunomide; MTX: Methotrexate; SASP: Salazosulfapyridine; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.
∗One with interleukin-6 receptor antagonist and one with TNF-α receptor antagonists.
Clinical value of HNL in the diagnosis of AOSD
The mean serum HNL level in the AOSD-only patients (139.76 ± 8.99 ng/mL), the AOSD patients with an infection (162.89 ± 123.66 ng/mL), and HCs (55.92 ± 6.12 ng/mL) are shown in Figure 1. The positive cutoff value of serum HNL was set to 74.28 ng/mL, which was defined as 3 SDs above the mean level in the HCs, based on which the positive rate of HNL in the AOSD-only patients (74/99, 74.7%) was determined to be significantly higher than that in the HCs (7/40, 17.5%; P < 0.001). The specificity and the sensitivity for the use of the serum HNL for the diagnosis of AOSD were 82.5% and 74.7%, respectively. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 91.4% and 56.9%, respectively.
;)
Figure 1: Serum concentrations of HNL in patients with AOSD only, AOSD with infections, and HCs. Each dot represents an individual serum. Mean HNL levels were significantly higher in patients of AOSD only (139.76 ± 8.99 ng/mL) and in patients of AOSD with an infection (162.89 ± 123.66 ng/mL) than in HC (55.92 ± 6.12 ng/mL) (t = 5.707, P < 0.001; t = 4.57, P < 0.001). The mean level of HNL in AOSD-only patients was not significantly different from that in patients of AOSD with an infection. AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; HNL: Human neutrophil lipocalin; HCs: Healthy controls.
The serum HNL levels in the AOSD patients under the different type of the infections were compared, where the HNL level in the AOSD-only patients was significantly lower than that in the AOSD patients with a bacterial infection (139.76 ± 8.99 ng/mL vs. 220.80 ± 30.59 ng/mL; P < 0.001), but was not significantly statistically different from that in the AOSD patients with a viral infection (139.76 ± 8.99 ng/mL vs. 83.67 ± 37.23 ng/mL; P = 0.1731). The age, gender, HNL, CRP, and ferritin levels were included in the multivariate logistic regression to analyze the effects of AOSD with an infection. The results showed that the risk of developing into the AOSD with an infection will increase 1.009 times for one HNL unit increase.
Comparison of laboratory indicators and systemic score in HNL grouped AOSD patients
The ratios of the patients with fever, leukocytosis ≥15,000/mm3, and myalgia were higher in the HNL-positive group than those in the HNL-negative group (P = 0.009, P = 0.023, and P = 0.007, respectively). But there were no significant differences shown in any of the other parameters used to assign the score for the clinical systemic score, including evanescent rash, sore throat, abdominal pain, lymphadenopathy, liver involvement, splenomegaly, pneumonia, pleuritis, and pericarditis (P > 0.05, Table 3).
Table 3 -
The correlation between HNL and clinical manifestations in AOSD without infection.
|
HNL-positive (n = 74) |
HNL-negative (n = 25) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clinical manifestations |
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
χ
2
|
P values |
| Fever |
37 |
50.0 |
5 |
20.0 |
6.885 |
0.009 |
| Evanescent rash |
47 |
63.5 |
12 |
48.0 |
1.868 |
0.172 |
| Pleuritis |
5 |
6.8 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0.326∗
|
| Pneumonia |
0 |
0 |
1 |
4.0 |
– |
0.253∗
|
| Pericarditis |
7 |
9.5 |
1 |
4.0 |
– |
0.675∗
|
| Liver involvement |
39 |
52.7 |
14 |
56.0 |
0.082 |
0.775 |
| Splenomegaly |
32 |
43.2 |
9 |
36.0 |
0.404 |
0.525 |
| Lymphadenopathy |
35 |
47.3 |
11 |
44.0 |
0.082 |
0.775 |
| Leukocytosis ≥15,000/mm3
|
29 |
39.2 |
3 |
12.0 |
5.133 |
0.023 |
| Sore throat |
34 |
45.9 |
8 |
32.0 |
1.488 |
0.223 |
| Myalgia |
22 |
29.7 |
1 |
4.0 |
– |
0.007∗
|
| Abdominal pain |
2 |
2.7 |
0 |
0 |
– |
1.000∗
|
| Arthritis |
49 |
66.2 |
12 |
48.0 |
2.622 |
0.105 |
∗: Fisher exact method.AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; HNL: Human neutrophil lipocalin.
Correlation of HNL levels with the laboratory parameters and the systemic scores in AOSD patients
Whether a positive HNL result was correlated with the other serologic parameters and the systemic score in the AOSD patients was evaluated as shown in Figure 2, and the serum HNL level was significantly correlated with the white blood cell (WBC) count (r = 0.335, P < 0.001), neutrophil (NE) count (r = 0.334, P < 0.001), ESR (r = 0.241, P = 0.022), and CRP (r = 0.442, P < 0.0001), as well as the systemic score (r = 0.343, P < 0.0001). When the patients were grouped into the HNL positive and HNL negative groups, the levels of WBC ([13.95 ± 5.08] × 109/L vs. [10.12 ± 4.99] × 109/L; P = 0.001), NE ([11.24 ± 4.88] × 109/L vs. [7.22 ± 4.27] × 109/L; P < 0.001), CRP (82.80 [38.60–119.00] mg/L vs. 18.8 [7.69–72.40] mg/L; P < 0.001), and C3 (1.35 ± 0.34 g/L vs. 1.19 ± 0.29 g/L; P = 0.045) were significantly higher in the serum HNL-positive patients than in the serum HNL-negative patients. The same also applies for the systemic score in the serum HNL-positive patients (4.0 [3.0–5.0]) vs. that in the serum HNL-negative patients (3.0 [1.5–3.0]; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference shown in the blood hemoglobin, platelet, ESR, ALT, AST, LDH, FIB, IgG, IgA, IgM, C4, ferritin, and IL-18 between the two groups (P > 0.05) [Table 4].
Figure 2: The correlation between serum HNL and disease-related laboratory data and systemic score in AOSD patients (n = 99). The serum HNL level was correlated with WBC (r = 0.335, P < 0.001, n = 99), NE (r = 0.334, P < 0.001, n = 97), CRP (P = 0.442, P < 0.0001, n = 94), and ESR (r = 0.241, P = 0.022, n = 90), as well as the systemic score (r = 0.343, P < 0.0001, n = 99). AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HNL: Human neutrophil lipocalin; NE: Neutrophil; WBC: White blood cell.
Table 4 -
Laboratory test results and systemic scores in AOSD patients.
| Laboratory data |
HNL-positive (n = 74) |
HNL-negative (n = 25) |
Statistical values |
P values |
| WBC (×109/L) |
13.95 ± 5.08 |
10.12 ± 4.99 |
3.270∗
|
0.001 |
| NE (×109/L) |
11.24 ± 4.88 |
7.22 ± 4.27 |
3.611∗
|
<0.001 |
| Hb (g/L) |
109.60 ± 16.81 |
108.85 ± 23.63 |
0.148∗
|
0.862 |
| PLT (×109/L) |
296.45 ± 113.19 |
258.79 ± 86.00 |
1.520∗
|
0.132 |
| ALT (U/L) |
34.00 (15.30, 71.25) |
32.00 (12.50, 83.50) |
0.516†
|
0.606 |
| AST (U/L) |
32.00 (19.00, 57.25) |
32.00 (16.50, 69.50) |
0.064†
|
0.949 |
| LDH (U/L) |
312.00 (203.50, 435.00) |
348.00 (254.00, 548.00) |
1.135†
|
0.256 |
| ESR (mm/1h) |
68.55 ± 36.64 |
53.96 ± 37.07 |
1.643∗
|
0.104 |
| CRP (mg/L) |
82.80 (38.60, 119.00) |
18.80 (7.69, 72.40) |
3.654†
|
<0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) |
1896.00 (651.20, 5470.50) |
1238.00 (245.25, 4422.00) |
1.496†
|
0.135 |
| IL-18 (pg/mL) |
199.69 ± 42.65 |
196.97 ± 38.75 |
0.281∗
|
0.779 |
| FIB (mg/dL) |
420.51 ± 149.35 |
427.87 ± 195.17 |
0.043∗
|
0.886 |
| IgA (g/L) |
2.62 (1.83, 3.42) |
2.71 (1.66, 4.23) |
0.065†
|
0.948 |
| IgG (g/L) |
12.90 (10.80, 16.15) |
12.75 (10.18, 16.55) |
0.546†
|
0.585 |
| IgM (g/L) |
1.27 (0.93, 1.73) |
1.07 (0.68, 2.15) |
0.684†
|
0.494 |
| C3 (g/L) |
1.35 ± 0.34 |
1.19 ± 0.29 |
2.035∗
|
0.045 |
| C4 (g/L) |
0.26 ± 0.08 |
0.26 ± 0.06 |
0.179∗
|
0.858 |
| Systemic score |
4.00 (3.00, 5.00) |
3.00 (1.50, 3.00) |
3.946†
|
<0.001 |
AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; ALT: Glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST: Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase; C3: Complement 3; C4: Complement 4; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FIB: Fibrinogen; Hb: Hemoglobin; HNL: Human neutrophil lipocalin; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; IL-18: Interleukin 18; LDH: Lactic dehydrogenase; NE: Neutrophil; PLT: Platelet; WBC: White blood cell. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (P25, P75).
∗t values.
†Z values.
Comparing the capabilities of HNL and CRP in differential diagnosis of AOSD from AOSD with a bacterial infection
The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of CRP and HNL in the differentiation of the AOSD patients with or without a bacterial infection are shown in Table 5, where the optimal cutoff levels of CRP or HNL to differentiate the AOSD patients with or without a bacterial infection are presented; based on which, there was a better performance to use HNL than to use CRP to differentiate the AOSD patients from AOSD patients with bacterial infection (Youden index 0.60 and 0.29, respectively).
Table 5 -
Predictive values of HNL and CRP in the discrimination of AOSD from AOSD with bacterial infection.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Predictive value (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Items |
Cutoff value |
Area under the curve |
Sensitivity (%) |
Specificity (%) |
Youden index |
Positive |
Negative |
| HNL (ng/mL) |
77.91 |
0.706 |
72.7 |
87.5 |
0.60 |
20.25 |
97.30 |
| CRP (mg/L) |
27.45 |
0.636 |
100 |
28.7 |
0.29 |
17.28 |
90.00 |
AOSD: Adult-onset Still's disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; HNL: Human neutrophil lipocalin.
Discussion
Although the cause of AOSD is still unclear, the important role of the NEs in AOSD has been recognized extensively.[5,6,23] HNL, as a molecule stored in NE secondary particles, was recommended to be used as a biomarker of the NE activation in a previous study.[10] The value of using HNL to differentiate the bacterial infections, cystic fibrosis, and other diseases characterized as NE involvements has been validated.[17,18] An increased HNL level has also been observed in the sera of both Sjögren's syndrome patients with a high airway reactivity and the joint fluid of RA.[19,20] However, the present study determined the serum HNL level in AOSD patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were also calculated, which showed that the HNL may be a promising parameter for the diagnosis of AOSD.
IL-18, macrophage migration inhibitors, and the soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 have been proposed to be used to assess the activity and/or severity of AOSD in previous studies.[24-27] However, there were various limitations for the use of such markers in clinical practice. Contrastingly, HNL was observed to be reliable in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for the infections. And HNL was observed to be positively correlated with the leukocyte count, NE percentage, CRP, and ESR. However, there was no positive correlation observed between the HNL and ferritin or IL-18 in this study. As noted in a previous study, the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor resulting in a rapid drop of the NE counts and the serum HNL levels, as well as the elevated tumor necrosis factor-α, was also correlated with the NE activation.[28] It is suggested that the various cytokines might be involved in the different NE activation stages, based on which the findings in our study appear to be able to be explained.
The current laboratory parameters used for the diagnosis of AOSD include ESR, CRP, and serum ferritin. The systemic score used for the assessment of the disease activity of AOSD was proposed in 1991 and has been used in AOSD studies, where a score ≥2 means an active disease activity.[22,29] Furthermore, the mortality rate will increase significantly in the AOSD patient if there is a higher systemic score and/or an increased number of AOSD-related complications at the time of diagnosis, as shown in one study.[29] In the present study, the HNL was demonstrated to be positively correlated with the systemic score, which suggested that there was an additional role of HNL on the evaluation of the disease activity.
The AOSD patients were grouped into the HNL-positive and HNL-negative groups based on a cutoff value of the mean ± 3 SDs in HCs. The fever, myalgia, and leukocytosis were observed to be more frequent in the HNL-positive group, and thus the AOSD patients with an increased HNL were more prone to develop fever, myalgia, and leukocytosis. The HNL can be used as a biomarker to evaluate the leukocyte activation, which also can be used to explain the significant increase of the leukocytes in the HNL-positive group. However, additional studies are warranted to clarify whether HNL is involved in the development of fever and myalgia. The HNL level is increased in the joint fluid of the RA patients, which suggests that the NEs may participate in the pathogenesis of RA.
In this study, a higher HNL serum level was shown in the AOSD patients with a bacterial infection than that in the AOSD-only patients. The Youden index was also significantly higher for HNL as compared with CRP.
There might be certain limitations in this study. The results were collected from a mono-center study with relatively small sample sizes, which may introduce a bias. Large-scale, multicenter studies will be required to further confirm the diagnosis value of HNL in AOSD. In addition, the serum HNL levels in the macrophage activation syndrome, ICU care, and chronic articular manifestations were not collected. Functional analyses of the molecule in depth would further reveal the role of HNL in the pathogenesis of AOSD.
In conclusion, the serum HNL was increased in AOSD patients, which was correlated with the clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, and system scores. It was suggested that HNL could be used as a biomarker used for the AOSD diagnosis and the disease activities assessment.
Acknowledgements
The HNL reagents and equipment used for the sample testing in this study were supplied by Changchun Bode Biotechnology Company, which was not involved in the study design, sample collection, or data analysis.
Funding
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81871281, 81801618, 82171773, 81971523, U1903210), China International Medical Foundation (No. Z-2018-40-2101), and the Clinical Medicine Plus X-Young Scholars Project of Peking University (No. PKU2021LCXQ008) by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Conflicts of interest
None.
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