¹Nephrology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy

²School of Nephrology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

³Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Correspondence: Prof. Maurizio Gallieni, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco 74, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 20157, Milan, Italy. Email: [email protected]

Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.cjasn.org.

See related article, “Association of Shear Stress with Subsequent Lumen Remodeling in Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistulas,” on pages 72–83.