Clinical Investigations

Predictors of Intubation in Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Treated With a Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategy*

Frat, Jean-Pierre MD^1,2,3; Ragot, Stéphanie PhD^4,5,6; Coudroy, Rémi MD^1,2,3; Constantin, Jean-Michel PhD^7,8; Girault, Christophe MD⁹; Prat, Gwénael MD¹⁰; Boulain, Thierry MD¹¹; Demoule, Alexandre PhD^12,13; Ricard, Jean-Damien PhD^14,15,16; Razazi, Keyvan MD¹⁷; Lascarrou, Jean-Baptiste MD¹⁸; Devaquet, Jérôme MD¹⁹; Mira, Jean-Paul PhD²⁰; Argaud, Laurent PhD²¹; Chakarian, Jean-Charles MD²²; Fartoukh, Muriel PhD²³; Nseir, Saad PhD²⁴; Mercat, Alain PhD²⁵; Brochard, Laurent MD^26,27; Robert, René PhD^1,2,3; Thille, Arnaud W. PhD^1,2,3

Author Information

¹CHU de Poitiers, Réanimation Médicale, Poitiers, France.

²INSERM, CIC-1402, équipe 5 ALIVE, Poitiers, France.

³Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.

⁴INSERM, CIC-1402, Biostatistics, Poitiers, France.

⁵CIC-1402, Poitiers, France.

⁶Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.

⁷CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle de Médecine Périopératoire, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

⁸R2D2, EA-7281, Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

⁹Department of Medical Intensive Care, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830-GRHV, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.

¹⁰CHU de la Cavale Blanche, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Brest, France.

¹¹Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, Réanimation médico-chirurgicale, Orléans, France.

¹²Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France.

¹³Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France.

¹⁴Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, F-92700, Colombes, France.

¹⁵Université Paris Diderot, UMR IAME 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018, Paris, France.

¹⁶INSERM, IAME 1137, F-75018, Paris, France.

¹⁷AP-HP, Hôpitaux universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU A-TVB, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Créteil, 94010 France, GRC CARMAS, Créteil, France.

¹⁸Centre Hospitalier Départemental de La Roche sur Yon, Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, La Roche sur Yon, France.

¹⁹Hôpital Foch, Réanimation Polyvalente, Suresnes, France.

²⁰Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire de Paris Centre, Hôpital Cochin, Réanimation Médicale, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.

²¹Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Edouard Herriot, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Lyon, France.

²²Centre Hospitalier de Roanne, Réanimation Polyvalente, Roanne, France.

²³Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Réanimation, Paris, France.

²⁴CHU de Lille, Centre de Réanimation, Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France.

²⁵CHU Angers, Département de Réanimation Médicale et Médecine Hyperbare, Angers, France.

²⁶Keenan Research Centre and Critical Care Department, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.

²⁷Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

*See also p. 330.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website (http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal).

This study was coordinated at Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France and performed in 23 centers in France and Belgium.

Dr. Frat reports grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from the “Fisher & Paykel HealthCare” firm, during the conduct of the study; personal fees and nonfinancial support from SOS oxygène, outside the submitted work. Dr. Coudroy reports nonfinancial support from MSD, outside the submitted work. Dr. Girault reports nonfinancial support and other from Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, outside the submitted work. Dr. Demoule reports personal fees from Covidien, grants and personal fees from Maquet, grants from Philips, personal fees from MSD, nonfinancial support from Dräger, outside the submitted work. Dr. Ricard reports coverage by Fisher & Paykel Healthcare of expenses to attend scientific meetings. Dr. Mercat reports personal fees from Faron Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Air Liquide Medical Systems, grants and personal fees from Fisher-Paykel, grants and personal fees from Covidien, outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr. Mercat has a patent General Electric licensed. Dr. Brochard reports grants and nonfinancial support from Fisher & Paykel, grants and nonfinancial support from Covidien, nonfinancial support from Philips, nonfinancial support from Maquet, nonfinancial support from General Electric, grants from Air Liquide, outside the submitted work. Dr. Robert reports nonfinancial support from Fresenius Medical Care, from Baxter Gambro, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.

For information regarding this article, E-mail: [email protected]

Critical Care Medicine 46(2):p 208-215, February 2018. | DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002818

Abstract

Objectives:

In patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen are alternative strategies to conventional oxygen therapy. Endotracheal intubation is frequently needed in these patients with a risk of delay, and early predictors of failure may help clinicians to decide early. We aimed to identify factors associated with intubation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure treated with different noninvasive oxygenation techniques.

Design:

Post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

Setting:

Twenty-three ICUs.

Patients:

Patients with a respiratory rate greater than 25 breaths/min and a Pao₂/Fio₂ ratio less than or equal to 300 mm Hg.

Intervention:

Patients were treated with standard oxygen, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen, or noninvasive ventilation.

Measurement and Main Results:

Respiratory variables one hour after treatment initiation. Under standard oxygen, patients with a respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths/min were more likely to need intubation (odds ratio, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.13–6.75; p = 0.03). One hour after high-flow nasal cannula oxygen initiation, increased heart rate was the only factor associated with intubation. One hour after noninvasive ventilation initiation, a Pao₂/Fio₂ ratio less than or equal to 200 mm Hg and a tidal volume greater than 9 mL/kg of predicted body weight were independent predictors of intubation (adjusted odds ratio, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.62–11.16; p = 0.003 and adjusted odds ratio, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.22–8.06; p = 0.02, respectively). A tidal volume above 9 mL/kg during noninvasive ventilation remained independently associated with 90-day mortality.

Conclusions:

In patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure breathing spontaneously, the respiratory rate was a predictor of intubation under standard oxygen, but not under high-flow nasal cannula oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. A Pao₂/Fio₂ below 200 mm Hg and a high tidal volume greater than 9 mL/kg were the two strong predictors of intubation under noninvasive ventilation.

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Predictors of Intubation in Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Treated With a Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategy*