1 Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC.
2 Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
3 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
4 Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Duke University, Durham, NC.
5 Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC.
6 BioFire Diagnostics, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT.
7 Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, NC.
8 Institute for Medical Research, Durham, NC.
9 University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC.
10 Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
11 Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA.
12 Henry Ford Hospital System, Detroit, MI.
13 University of South Alabama Health University Hospital, Mobile, AL.
*See also p. 1812.
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Drs. Tsalik and Henao contributed equally to this article.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website (http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal).
Supported, in part, by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of Health (grant numbers U01AI066569 and UM1AI104681) and the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (contract number N66001-09-C2082).
Dr. Tsalik received in-kind support from BioFire Diagnostics by way of consumables and test instruments; received funding from Predigen, Inc.. BioFire, Inc. provided in-kind support for test development reagents used in this study. Drs. Tsalik, Henao, McClain, Ginsburg, Burke, and Woods disclosed filing for a patent pertaining to the signatures discussed in this study (WO 2017/004390 A1). Dr. Montgomery was an employee of BioFire Diagnostics, LLC. Dr. Nawrocki disclosed he has shares in BioMérieux. Dr. Lydon was supported by the Eugene A. Stead Scholarship from Duke University School of Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America Medical Scholars Program. Drs. Tsalik, Ginsburg, and Woods disclosed that they are cofounders of Predigen, Inc. Drs. Tsalik, Ko, Petzold, Cairns, Kingsmore, Fowler, Ginsburg, Burke, and Woods received support for article research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Drs. Nawrocki and Hemmert received funding from BioFire Diagnostics, LLC.; and disclosed that they are employees of BioFire Diagnostics, LLC. Dr. Cairns is a consultant for BioMérieux, Inc. Dr. Ko’s institution received funding from the Antibiotic Resistance Leadership Group; disclosed the off-label product use of diagnostic tests. Dr. Petzold received support for article research from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) U01AI066569 and UM1AI104681 U.S. DARPA contract—N66001-09-C2082). Dr. Cairns’ institution received funding from the NIH (NIAID) and the DARPA; and received funding from BioMérieux. Dr. Kingsmore’s institution received funding from the NIH. Dr. Fowler received funding from the NIH, MedImmune, Allergan, Pfizer, Advanced Liquid Logics, Theravance, Novartis, Merck; Medical Biosurfaces; Locus; Affinergy; Contrafect; Karius; Genentech, Regeneron, Basilea, and Janssen; received funding from Basilea, Affinergy, Janssen, Basilea, Integrated Biotherapeutics; C3J, Armata, Valanbio; Akagera, Aridis, Novartis, Novadigm, Durata, Debiopharm, Genentech, Achaogen, Affinium, Medicines Co., Cerexa, Tetraphase, Trius, MedImmune, Bayer, Theravance, Basilea, Affinergy, Janssen, xBiotech, Contrafect, Regeneron, Destiny, UpToDate; Stock options Valanbio; a patent for sepsis diagnosis (US9850539B2). Dr. McClain disclosed he has patents pending on diagnostic signatures for respiratory infections. Dr. Crisp was an employee of BioFire Diagnostics and is currently an employee of BioMérieux, Inc. Dr. Ginsburg’s institution received funding from DARPA; received support for article research from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr. Burke is a consultant for and holds equity in Predigen, Inc. Dr. Burke’s institution received funding from the NIH; received funding from Predigen, Inc.; disclosed he is a coinventor on patents pending on Molecular Methods to Diagnose and Treat Respiratory Infections. Dr. Hemmert disclosed the off-label product use of BioFire FilmArray System. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
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