1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, UC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, CA.
2 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, UCSF School of Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA.
3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine, Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA.
4 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
5 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital, Loma Linda, CA.
6 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine, Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA.
7 Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA.
8 Department of Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA.
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Dr. Lim, Dr. Sapru, and Ms. Chen had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis. Drs. Lim and Sapru were involved in study concept and design and drafting of the article. Drs. Zinter, Alkhouli, and Sapru were involved in acquisition of data. Dr. Lim, Dr. Zinter, Ms. Chen, Mr. Vangala, and Dr. Sapru were involved in analysis and interpretation of data. Ms. Chen and Mr. Vangala were involved in statistical analysis. Drs. Lim, Zinter, and Alkhouli were involved in administrative, technical, or material support. Dr. Sapru was involved in study supervision. All authors were involved in critical revision of the article for important intellectual content and approval of final article.
Supported, in part, by grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute K23HL085526 (to Dr. Sapru), R01HL114484 (to Dr. Sapru), and NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases T32DK10468704 (to Dr. Lim).
Preliminary analysis of a portion of this work was presented, in part, at the Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 2017 and at the American Thoracic Society International Conference, Dallas, CA, May 2019.
Drs. Lim’s and Sapru’s institutions received funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Drs. Lim, Zinter, Alkhouli, and Sapru received support for article research from the NIH. Drs. Zinter’s and Alkhouli’s institution received funding from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL146936). Dr. Zinter’s institution received funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD000850); he disclosed the off-label product use of anti-receptor for advanced glycation end products antibodies. Dr. Matthay’s institution received funding from Roche-Genetec; he received funding from Citius Pharmaceuticals and Novartis Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
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