1Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
2Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
3Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
4Department of Neuroscience, University of Genoa, Italy.
5Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
6Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
7Department of Intensive Care, University of Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Dr. Donnelly received support from a Woolf Fisher scholarship. Dr. Czosnyka has financial interest in a fraction of the licensing fee, and his institution received funding from Cambridge Enterprise, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dr. Cardim disclosed other support from use of software developed in-house for data analysis. Dr. Liu received support for article research from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr. Hutchinson disclosed that he is a Director of Technicam manufacturer of the Cranial Access Device and he received support from a National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Research Professorship, Academy of Medical Sciences/Health Foundation Senior Surgical Scientist Fellowship. Dr. Menon received other support from Ornim Medical, Shire Medical, Neurovive, and Calico; he received support for article research from the NIHR; his institution received funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Brainscope; and he received funding from Solvay and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Centre (RCZB/004) and an NIHR Senior Investigator Award (RCZB/014). Dr. Smielewski disclosed receiving a fraction of the licensing fees of the software, ICM+ (licensed by Cambridge Enterprise, United Kingdom), used for data collection and analysis in this study. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
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