1Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
2Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
3Medical Intensive Care Unit, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH.
4Division of Critical Care and Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
5Trauma, Emergency, and Critical Care Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
6Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
7Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
8Rescu, Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
9Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
10Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada.
* See also p. 1959.
This study was performed at Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Dr. Morrison received grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Canadian Institutes of Health Research, American Heart Association, Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, Heart Stroke Foundation of Canada, Laerdal, and Defence Research and Development Canada and received support for article research from the NIH. Her institution received grant support from the NIH. She receives salary support from the U.S. NIH as the principal investigator for the Toronto Regional Coordinating Centre of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, a prehospital clinical trial network in cardiac arrest and life-threatening trauma. Dr. Scales received grant support from the Physicians’ Services Incorporated Foundation (Fellowship in Translational Health Research) and is supported by a New Investigator Award from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
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