Ventilatory drive and carbon dioxide response in ventilatory failure due to myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barré syndrome

Abstract

Objective: 

To test the hypothesis that either decreased ventilatory drive or decreased CO₂ responsiveness accounts for the hypoventilation observed in patients during acute ventilatory failure from myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Design: 

Prospective, consecutive case series evaluating trials of ventilatory muscle performance, ventilatory drive, and CO₂ response in patients during recovery from ventilatory failure until they were weaned from mechanical ventilation.

Setting: 

Neurosciences critical care unit in a university hospital.

Patients: 

Seven intubated, mechanically ventilated patients with myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Interventions: 

Patients repeatedly performed mechanically unsupported, spontaneous breathing trials to the limits of endurance. After spontaneous breathing trials, patients underwent CO₂ rebreathing studies.

Measurements and Main Results: 

Seventy-three breathing trials were performed in three patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and four patients with myasthenia gravis. Patients were unable to sustain spontaneous ventilation in 55 trials averaging 27 ± 5 mins. In these trials, significant increases occurred in mean end-tidal CO₂ (41 ± 1 to 44 ± 1 torr [5.6 ± 0.1 to 6.0 ± 0.1 kPa]) and respiratory rate (31 ± 1 to 35 ± 1 breaths/min, p < .01). Ventilatory drive (as measured by airway occlusion pressure for 100 msecs) increased significantly p < .01 from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 4.9 ± 0.3 cm H₂O. The response of airway occlusion pressure to CO₂ rebreathing after these trials was 0.33 ± 0.07 cm H₂O/sec/mm Hg, while the minute ventilation response to CO₂ rebreathing was only 0.30 ± 0.06 L/min/mm Hg.

Conclusions: 

These results suggest that ventilatory drive increases during acute hypoventilation, and the ventilatory drive response to CO₂ remains intact, even when the minute ventilation response to CO₂ is poor. Therefore, a decrease in ventilatory drive or CO₂ response is unlikely to account for hypoventilation during ventilatory failure in patients with myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barré syndrome. (Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1717–1726)