*Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
†Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative, Ann Arbor, MI
‡School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
§Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
∥Opioid Prescriging Engagement Network, Institute for Health Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Disclosures: R.H. receives unrelated funding for research from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5T32DK108740-05). S.H. and M.E. receive partial salary support from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. M.P., V.G., and M.W. have no disclosures. J.W., M.E., and MB receive unrelated funding from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA042859). M.B. reports past consultation with Axial Healthcare and Alosa Health not related to this work. No funder or sponsor had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. V.G. had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
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